Principles of marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Standards of showcasing - Essay Example Sprite is a result of Coca Cola, and in this manner, it is important to present the organization quickly. The Coca Cola Company appeared in 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia. From that point forward it has developed to get one of the most famous names in the drink advertise far and wide. By and by, Coca Cola works in excess of 195 nations around the globe. It has in excess of 30,000 representatives working for its diverse SBU’s around the world. One of the best quality of Coca Cola is its overall nearness and incredible arranging. The one of a kind component of Coca Cola is that they don't act like a MNC; they work together locally (The Coca Cola Company, 2012). Coca Cola have normalized their center item. They center around the way that the beverage should taste the equivalent in all the pieces of the world. The measurements plainly connotes that Coca Cola’s procedures are following the correct way prompting their creation and permitting of around 3,500 beverages in excess of 2 00 nations. Sprite is one of the exceptionally acclaimed results of the organization. Nonetheless, in this investigation, the emphasis would be on Coca Cola’s tasks in the Middle-East nations (Kotler, Armstrong, and Wong, 2008). This report will contain a portion of the significant watchwords, and those are characterized beneath. Division: - Segmentation is a system or procedure by which organizations characterize and partition an enormous market into little and recognizable market portions having indistinguishable needs, needs and request qualities (McDonald and Dunbar, 1995). Showcasing Mix: - Marketing Mix is characterized as the planned blend of the advertising components, which are regularly the item, value, spot and advancement. These four components of the promoting blend are custom fitted until the correct mix is found that satisfies the requests of shoppers and produces ideal benefit for the organization. 2.0 Features of Segmentation Market division is frequently all uded to as an advertising system which includes division or analyzation of the more extensive market into little fragments of market. The division is done based on the regular needs of shoppers. When the expected market is fragmented, organizations for the most part define and execute systems to satisfy the requirements and wants of each portion. Market division likewise urges organizations to make item separation and utilize various media channels to focus on the diverse portion of clients. Moreover, it enormously causes organizations to configuration proper advertising blend for each section (Jobber and Fay, 2006). In this obfuscated and wild business condition, associations are constrained to make advertise division, as it is hard to focus on the whole market with a similar system. Moreover, the moving need of customers is likewise another driver for the organizations to utilize division procedure. Essentially, these variables additionally constrained Coca Cola to section their m arket for Sprite. Since the item is sodas, the organization made the division of the market astutely. Sprite was proposed for the mass and not for a specific fragment of clients. It was shown as a brand which was in the matter of extinguishing thirst and reviving individuals around

Foundations of Microeconomics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Establishments of Microeconomics - Assignment Example Then again, grown-up clients are for the most part addicts and in that capacity, adults’ request is less value versatile contrasted with teenagers’ request. an) It is mistaken that an expense that doesn't have a deadweight misfortune can't raise any income for the administration. At the point when the interest of a decent is splendidly inelastic, an expense would have no impact on the amount or any deadweight misfortune. Be that as it may, the duty would in any case raise income for the legislature. In the chart over, the interest bend is splendidly inelastic. A presentation of expense moves the flexibly bend inwards from Se to S*. The amount provided decreases from qe to q*. In any case, the value stays steady. In such a situation where the interest of a decent is impeccably inelastic, there is no deadweight misfortune yet the administration is as yet ready to raise income through tax assessment. b) It is off base that an expense that raises no income for the legislature can't have any deadweight misfortune. At the point when the legislature forces a 100% duty on merchandise, dealers won't gracefully any of the great and the assessment will raise no income. In any case, the duty has an enormous deadweight misfortune as it lessens the amount offered to zero. At the point when the legislature forces a 100% assessment on a decent, there will be no gracefully of that great and the flexibly bend will be equivalent to the value hub. The duty won't raise any income for the administration and it will have an enormous deadweight misfortune as appeared in the figure

How Do I Write College Essays Online?

How Do I Write College Essays Online?For many students, college essays are one of the most dreaded assignments. Many students get nervous about writing a paper for college and the way they may come across in front of their professor. Students think they will come across as useless, boring and one that needs to be reviewed and not read. But, you can solve this problem.By utilizing the services of online college essays online, you can take control of your writing and overcome any fear. Many colleges offer these online courses as part of their regular course offerings. Some of these online classes may only be given online. You have to check with your college to know which one you may be able to take.There are some great benefits to taking online courses. You don't have to worry about traveling and accommodation while attending class or even studying. Most of the time, you can live anywhere in the world. Some colleges will give you extra money if you take classes in the United States. If this is the case, then you would be required to send in your transcripts from your home country.Classes online enable you to learn from the convenience of your own home. You can study at any time of the day and anytime of the year. If you have exams scheduled, you would just have to login to your classes online.If you find it difficult to write your own essay, then you can look into using professional essay writers. These professionals usually work for these companies that provide essay writing services. These companies specialize in providing quality services and this is where they get paid well. Professional essay writers charge a lot of money but the quality of their work is top notch. You have to spend some time checking out samples to see what they are offering. The more samples you look at, the better the selection becomes.Not all good companies offer a high quality service. Most companies that do not charge very much charge very little. This may not be true if you are a coll ege student.With the help of online college essays online, you can overcome all fears and anxieties of writing your college essays. You can start working on the essay without having to face any additional stress.

The Cloud Security Allience ( Csa ) - 2052 Words

There are numerous ways one can gain unauthorized access to data maintained in the cloud’s data centers. The methods vary from physical theft to trickery and electronic attack. Common methods of attack include cracking weak passwords, privilege escalation, exploiting unused database functionality, targeting known unfixed software vulnerabilities, SQL injection, and stealing unencrypted back-up tapes (Higgins, 2008). The Cloud Security Allience (CSA), which promotes best practices for cloud computing security, cites seven main threats to the cloud: â€Å"1) Abuse and nefarious use of cloud computing; 2) Insecure application programming interfaces; 3) Malicious insiders; 4) Shared technology vulnerabilities; 5) Data loss or leakages;†¦show more content†¦Accountability refers to determining when a security breach occurs, who was responsible for the breach, and where to place liability for any losses. Audibility is keeping tracking of who accessed or changed data and ensuring that employees maintain the minimal access level required for job success (Yang and Borg, 2012). However, it should be noted that these measures do not physically prevent subversive actions and rely on the threat of future punishment as a deterrent. Number four on the CSA list is shared technologies vulnerability. Shared technology vulnerabilities are possible due to virtualization and multitenancy. Two independent virtual machines could be operating on the same physical machine, potentially allowing one virtual machine to peek at the other’s data through the physical link (Wiley, 2012). A Denial of Service (DoS) attack can also be instrumented through multitenancy by misappropriating resources from the shared platform (Fernandes, 2013). One step that organizations can take to prevent a multitenancy leak is to ensure the organization’s web server is not on the same platform as its database. If someone were able gain access to a web server that also had a database on it, they would have access to that database. While this requires more resources to separate the two servers, the additional layer of security is worth the expense to the organization (â€Å"Database Security,† n.d.). Number seven on the CSA

Impact Of The Early French Revolution - 1114 Words

CHANGES IN THE ESTATES: THE IMPACTS OF THE EARLY FRENCH REVOLUTION Benjamin A Polozune History 3001: Europe in the Age of the French Revolution and Napoleon September 9th, 2015 It would be difficult at best to argue that the French Revolution was not one of the most significant events in the history of Europe. Amongst a sea of rebellions, revolts, wars and squabbles, it was the first true fall of a Monarchy that Europe had ever seen, the end of an ancient regime that had stood for nearly a millennium. But did it actually mean any real change for the citizens of Europe? The answer is absolutely â€Å"Yes†. While the lives of the citizens outside of France fall outside of the scope of this paper, simply examining the lives of French citizens is more than enough. One need only look at the laws, and the changes to both the privileges and the responsibilities possessed by the various positions of society to see a clear contrast of before and after. France’s society and economy were nearly upended, with all three estates experiencing severe alterations to the fabric of their society. To be able to determine the changes that were effected upon French society during the French revolution, it is necessary to first examine the period immediately preceding it. In early 1789, France’s estates were well divided. The first and second held virtually all power, while the third was regarded with both fear and suspicion by its counterparts. By contrast the third estate heldShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of The French Revolution On The Artistic Foundation Of French People702 Words   |  3 PagesThe effect of the French Revolution on the artistic foundation of French people, and eventually the world at large, it’s incalculable. Two styles of the styles that permeated the developments of the French Revolution were the Neoclassical and the Romantic style, which mixed Baroque and Rococo elements. (Metropolitan Museum of Art). The major artistic style in France, however, at about that time, was the Neoclassical. Elements such as scientific advancements and excavations of ancient sites, yieldedRead MoreEconomic Causes Of The French R evolution811 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Revolution, also known as the Revolution of 1789 was a traumatic movement that had an affect on both France and the world during the late 17th and early 18th century. This Revolution lasted from 1789 until 1814, for it made a large impact on the nation that caused a turning point in the history of the world. During this time, many events occurred like the executing of KIng Louis XIV and the rule of Napoleon. There are many reasons to cause a revolution, but this revolution had both economicRead MoreFemale Dominance And Grisly Details Of The Haitian Revolution857 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Haitian Revolution. Unfortunately, the contributions of women in the Haitian Revolution are often overlooked by historians due to the horrors of the revolution. The few more works that do exist about women discuss their roles in slavery and their resistance in the Haitian Revolution. In recent years, some scholars are challenging the lack of women representation in the Haitian War of Independence. Scholars like Philippe Girard are dissecting historical texts to examine the impact of women inRead MoreHuge Divisions in Haiti Lead to Unrest1314 Words   |  5 Pagesrace and social structures in Haiti led to huge divisions in Haitian society and unrest. The majority of the population were slaves and slavery played a massive role in the Haitian economy and its abolishment had a massive impact. The events occurring in Europe, the French revolution for example, led to the slave revolt and ultimately the independence of Haiti in 1804. The rebellion in Haiti undoubtedly had an important role in world history. Between 1756 and1763, the economy of Saint-Domingue graduallyRead MoreComplications Of The French Revolution1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution (1789-1799) had significant, far reaching implications. In Britain it permeated every level of society. Not only did politicians change their allegiances, but moderate reformers were radicalised, and British society was completely divided into supporters and detractors of the Revolution. It also resulted in a drastic politicisation of Ireland, changing the nature of politics completely. The British government was threatened by the French Revolution because they saw what wasRead MoreThe Age of Revolutions1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe Age of Revolutions is often a term used for a period of time, usually between 1760 -1848. Although the term encompasses many revolutions across the globe, it isn’t very often that these events are examined as a whole; compared and contrasted to show the similarities, differences, and even some potential catalytic properties between them. The book The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c. 1760-1840, put together and edited by David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, is a book of essays collaboratedRead MoreTo What Extent Was The Enlightenment The Main Driving Force Behind The American And French Revolutions?1479 Words   |  6 Pagesfocuses on the causes of Atlantic Revolutions and will explore the question: To what extent was the Enlightenment the main driving force behind the American and French Revolutions? The years 1685 to 1815 (Strayer, 2011) will be the focus of this investigation to allow for an analysis of the Enlightenment ideas’ impact the need for governmental change in the American colonies and France during the eighteenth century, as well as their governmental influences post-revolutions. †¯ The first source whichRead MoreThe Enlightenment s Influence On The French Revolution885 Words   |  4 PagesMaheera Syed The Enlightenment’s Influence on the French Revolution No one could have imagined the impact that the Enlightenment would have and its long-lasting effect. The Enlightenment and its ideas became so widespread that they did not only affect France, but many other countries also. The French Revolution was directly inspired and influenced by the Enlightenment. Revolutionaries in France built their cause around the ideals of the Age of Reason. Reason, reform and modernity took hold mainlyRead MoreThe Impact of the Napoleonic Wars on Industrialization810 Words   |  4 PagesThe Napoleonic wars did have a large impact on industrialization in Britain, the United States and Europe as a result of realizations and actions taken to better their countries after the Napoleonic wars. Although the Industrial Revolution began in Britain during the 1700s it was boosted in the early 1800s after the Napoleonic wars because of reform that was needed. Industrialization then started spreading throughout Europe and into North America in the early 1800s. By the mid-1800s industrializationRead MoreOverview of The Enlightenment Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagesseventeenth century and during the course of the eighteenth century, in which intense revolutions in science, philosophy, society and politics occurred. This part of history was important because it was an enormous departure from the Middle Ages. Seldom before and after this time, di d the Church have as much power as it did during the Enlightenment. There were three main eras of the Enlightenment: The Early Enlightenment, The High Enlightenment, and The Late Enlightenment and Beyond. Each era

Personal computer free essay sample

This case study is referenced throughout the recommended course text â€Å"Business Data Communications† (Fitzgerald, J. and Dennis, A. ; 10ed Wiley International Student Version). It concerns a fictitious firm, Next-Day Air Service (NDAS). The questions posed do not have one unique solution. There are too many options when dealing with LANs, WANs, MANs, BNs and the Internet, so a realistic network design and development problem can have several workable answers. The purpose of the preliminary assignment is to introduce students to the kinds of problems confronting those introducing ecommerce infrastructures in business situations. As with any real-life problem with ambiguities or unresolved considerations, you must make your own assumptions but be sure to provide adequate justification for any recommendations you make. Background: NDAS was founded in1985 to compete in the expanding market for overnight package deliveries. NDAS provides local pickup and delivery of these parcels and other small freight items. The founders initially restricted their efforts to the rapidly growing central Florida region of USA. To support its operation, NDAS purchased a facility near the Tampa International Airport. This facility consisted of a main building and a secondary building for dispatch and fleet maintenance. Because NDAS intended to expand its services throughout the south eastern United States, this facility also served as NDAS’s corporate headquarters. Between 1985 and 1992, NDAS experienced very rapid growth. As business volume increased and the company’s reputation became firmly established, expansion of the facility became imperative. Consequently, NDAS purchased land adjacent to its corporate head quarters so it would have room to relocate both the maintenance shop and the company’s vehicle parking lot. In addition, NDAS tripled the size of its building to accommodate its growing business. Finally, in1994, NDAS completed the expansion of the office building to house its corporate operations. As its business volume increased, NDAS realized it had to develop branch offices throughout its service region to continue growing. In addition to the corporate offices in Tampa, NDAS also purchased or leased facilities in several other southeastern cities, including Orlando, Miami, Atlanta, New Orleans, Dallas, and Memphis. CaseFigure1–1 is the NDAS map of operations. NDAS also contracted with Chicago-based firm Overnight Delivery, Inc. (ODI) to provide overnight shipping service between Atlanta and the greater Chicago area. NDAS also entered into similar agreements with other air carriers. The purpose of these agreements was to enable NDAS to provide service throughout the United States. As Case Figure1 shows, connecting routes established with other carriers lead from Memphis to St. Louis and from Atlanta to Chicago and Washington, D. C. These routes allow NDAS to deliver parcels to the northeastern states and the Midwest. There are flight links out of Dallas to both Denver and Los Angeles. These two routes have been added recently to provide delivery service to the northwestern states and the West Coast, respectively. After extending its flight routes, NDAS added agents in the cities of Jacksonville, Florida; Montgomery, Alabama; Jackson, Mississippi; and Houston, Texas. To date, this is the scope of NDAS’s parcel delivery operation. Initially, NDAS contracted a computing services company to handle billing. As the computing power of small computers increased, however, NDAS purchased a minicomputer and took responsibility for its own data processing. The Payroll Department now runs the pay roll twice monthly on this computer. Employees clock in with an ID-badge system. The Payroll Department then prepares the paychecks for both hourly and salaried employees. The paychecks are sent via overnight delivery on the following Thursdays. Although the Information Services/ Data Processing Division, under Les Coone as acting manager, performs all data entry, processing, and check printing, John Lawson in Accounts Payable is the person who generates, performs all data entry, processing, and check printing, John Lawson in Accounts Payable is the person who generates, reviews, and approves the reports and totals. Because so many new employees have been added at both the corporate and branch offices, a new full-time position has been added in Accounts Payable to handle the payroll and assist Lawson. The subject of paying employees weekly has been discussed as well. Case Figure 2 shows the NDAS organization chart. The branch offices currently batch all billing data by order date and send them daily by overnight delivery to the corporate office along with other interoffice correspondence. When Information Services/Data Processing receives the packages, it enters the batches and processes them daily. The billing processing normally takes place from 48 to 96 hours after freight and parcel delivery. Once this processing has been ompleted, the data base supports the resolution of any questions or problems associated with the billings. Because of an increasing volume of paperwork brought about by continued business expansion, the varying complexity of the billing process, and the preferred rates being given by competitors, NDAS’s corporate management has decided to automate the billing process throughout its Florida offices. This is the first step in a series of strategic moves planned to provide online transaction processing and real-time customer information through the Internet. Management expects online transaction processing to speed the billing process and improve receivables collection time significantly. The online query system will enable agents at remote offices to obtain information such as credit status, correct delivery address, and package delivery status. The Internet component will enable customers to obtain the delivery status of packages they have sent or are expecting to receive. The status of automation varies greatly among the various departments. The Marketing and Sales Division, headed by Bob Jones, has a personal computer (PC) for each account representative. All of these computers are connected to a small LAN that serves only Sales and Marketing. The Accounts Receivable Division, headed by Jane Van Dyke, is responsible for all billing and collection activities. It recently replaced its aging minicomputer with a powerful microcomputer server. This new server provides databases for both customer billing and bad debts. The Accounts Payable Division, led by John Lawson, maintains its own vendor database that is stored on an older minicomputer server. This database also contains the other service carriers’ billings, such as those from ODI to NDAS. This division also is responsible for the payroll. It is in the process of downsizing to a powerful modern desktop computer. Employees in the Accounts Receivable and Payable Divisions have PCs on their desk. The Fleet Maintenance Division has no computer capability. Its management has chosen to trace all necessary information manually. Peter Browne, the maintenance supervisor, prefers this mode of operation and has steadfastly refused to automate his division’s record keeping processes. Dispatch, which is part of the Fleet Maintenance Division, also processes its work manually. Dispatch currently bundles incoming packages twice daily, according to their major destination point, for overnight delivery. The bundles of packages are marked with the following information: †¢DEST: City, state †¢DATE: Current date †¢TIME: Time package left dispatch †¢NPKG: Number of individual packages in the bundle †¢INIT: Initials of the person preparing the bundle When the bundles arrive at their respective delivery points, the off-loaders mark the arrival time on the bundles’ tags, write their own initials on the back of the tags, and return the tags to Corporate headquarters. The packages are then delivered. The various remote offices currently communicate with the corporate headquarters and with one another by voicemail, telephone, fax, mail, or interoffice mail, sent on company aircraft along with the daily batched transactions. There are desktop computers in each of the remote offices. However, some of the offices have Apple Macintosh computers and others use Intel-based systems. A number of managers have laptop computers with wireless and wired networking capabilities, which, again, come from various computer manufacturers. NDAS corporate management realizes that these various stages of computer support are a far cry from an integrated system. It sees the necessity for standardizing and streamlining systems, equipment, and procedures before any serious networking can be accomplished. Moreover, corporate management has stated that NDAS must enter the international package delivery market to offer full service to its major customers. Any growth plans must be able to support international operations. Management also expects that e-mail and automated package tracking will be part of the new system. In addition, management expects any system to allow for expansion into other information technology areas of networking, such as video conferencing and use of the Internet. As its first step in this direction, NDAS has decided to hire a new systems analyst, who will work full time to assess the current level of information system support, determine which functions should be automated, recommend the type of hardware and software systems to be installed, recommend appropriate organizational changes (if any), and, most important, determine the type of data communications support that will be required to meet the needs of NDAS’s current operations and future growth. You have been offered this position. Your experience is in information systems. Because you see the job as a remarkable opportunity to learn and grow, you accept the post. You report directly to Lee Coone, president of NDAS, and are expected to prepare your solution immediately. Preliminary Assignment 1. Briefly describe the current state of NDAS’s office automation, system integration, and networking. Begin by explaining how each department uses information technology, what hardware it uses, and what functions currently are automated. The first Key Task for the Preliminary Assignment is to assess which Department is most in need of a network. 2. Students are advised to make some preliminary studies of ecommerce infrastructures (LANs, WANs) to decide whether these two kinds of networks might be beneficial to NDAS? The second Key Task for the Preliminary Assignment is to justify your answer. 3. The third Key Task for the Assignment is to indicate which areas within NDAS’s current characteristics or practices are identified as possible candidates for its proposed integrated data communication network?

Staffing Nursing and Health Care free essay sample

Nyeri general hospital was started in the early 1930s as a military hospital. its is now a provincial hospital owned by the ministry of health. its located in central pronvice ,nyeri county . its one of the major hospitals serving the population of nyeri county. it consists of various departments such as out patient ,medical –surgical , orthopaedic ,intensive care unit ,maternity and gynaecology ,paediatrics , psychiatric ward ,eye clinic ,ENT clinic ,thetere ,laboratory ,pharmacy and radiological departments. it offers various services ranging from curative ,preventive ,promotive ,rehabilitative and supportive services . the hospital comprises of different healthcare workers that collaborate with each other to offer quality care to the patient . the hospital is not only a referral centre for the critical cases but also acts as a medical training for both diploma nurses and clinical officers . Hospital vision A referral centre of excellence offering comprehensive healthcare services Hospital mission To improve the health and welfare of population ion the region by offering affordable ,equitable and accessible health care services through the provision of specialized ,quality health care ,medical training and research. We will write a custom essay sample on Staffing: Nursing and Health Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Problem statement Introduction Nurses play a very important and vital role in most health systems, and their contribution is recognised as essential to meeting developmental goals and delivering safe and effective care. One difficulty in making an accurate global estimate of numbers of nurses . The nursing shortage is a global challenge, affecting each and every country in the world. With this shortage, patients are suffering because the healthcare workforce is not prepared to deal with their health needs. Each country have several factors such as aging nursing workforce and low employment,contributing to nursing shortage which ultimately cause a decrease in the quality of health care provided to the patient. A nursing shortage is not just an organizational challenge it has a major negative impact on health care Failure to deal with a nursing shortage will lead to failure to maintain or improve health care There has been an increase need for more registered nurses in hospitals due to rising acuity of patients and shorter lengths of stay. The safety and quality of patient care is directly related to the size and experience of the nursing workforce therefore insufficient number of nurses will not only affect patient care and safety but also the nurses themselves become overwhelmed, distressed, and dissatisfied. High patient-to-nurse ratios have been shown to lead to frustration and work burnout, which is linked to higher turnover. inadequate number of nurses has been linked with poor patient outcomes. some studies have been carried out and has demonstrated that the shortage of registered nurses, in combination with an increased workload, poses a potential threat to the quality of care. Increase in the number of nurses was associated with a reduction in hospital-related mortality and failure to rescue as well as reduced length of stays. In the past ,hospitals received help from both voluntary and employed staff. This success did not last for long since it was periodically interrupted by short-term shortages, especially shortages of nurses. recently the hospitals find themselves facing both immediate and long-term shortages of personnel therefore it will be more severe and have a longer duration than has been previously experienced. For sustained change and assurance of an adequate supply of nurses, solutions must be developed in several areas: education, healthcare deliver systems, policy and regulations, and image. This shortage is not solely nursings issue and requires a collaborative effort among nursing leaders in practice and education, health care executives, government, and the media According to the country-level policy perspective, a nurse staffing shortage is usually defined and measured in relation to that country’s own historical staffing levels, resources and estimates of demand for health services. WHO concluded that the shortage crisis has the potential will worsen in the future . It noted that demand for service providers will escalate markedly in all countries – both developed and undeveloped. Literature review Staffing is an important function of management which mostly deal with the recruitment, selction orientation ,induction and promotion of employees at the work place . Components of staffing Staffing pattern-itrefers to how many people of job classification should be on duty per each unit ,per shift ,per day. Staffing plan-it indicates how many people of what job classification mustbe hired to deliver on the staffing pattern. Staffing patterns are built on 2 assumptions Each given unit wil continue to admit the same type of patients in the same numbers for the total period in which staffing pattern is in effect. The patients needs is averaged out per unit on a daily basis . If staffing fails it leads to alteration in patient acquity levels ,actual patient day ,assignment systems ,nursing care goals and nursing care delivery. staffing is measured in one of two basic ways: Nursing hours per patient per day because payroll processing requires this information. They exclude paid time off for illness, vacation, or continuing education The nurse to patient ratio Variables affecting nursing staffing patterns Nursing organisationla factors-patient care objactives Determined level of patient care Nursing divisional departments Patients factors Variety of patient conditions Acuity Lengh of stay Patient age ,general health ststus and the number Staff factors Job description Educational level Experience Work ethics and groups Health care organisational factors Support services Personnel p[olicoes Financial resources Staffing patterns According to WHO -There is no absolute norm regarding the right ratio of physicians or nurses to population. This depends on (1) demand factors, e. g. demographic and epidemiological trends, service use patterns and macro-economic conditions; (2) supply factors, such as labour market trends, funds to pay salaries, health professions education capacity, licensing and other entry barriers; (3) factors affecting productivity, e. g. technology, financial incentives, staff mix, and management flexibility in resource deployment, and (4) priority allocated to prevention, treatment and rehabilitation in national health policies.  one would expect that relatively high nurse staffing ratios to be associated with improved patient outcomes, and if this intuition is correct, these patient benefits should be a key consideration in the determination of nurse staffing levels. In most health care settings nurse staffing is measured according to the workload of each nurse, Most hospitals can easily report the average number of productive nursing hours per patient day because they keep data on nursing hours and patient days. However, many health care leaders and managers prefer to conceptualize workload as a nurse-to-patient ratio. Although the way this measure is stated implies that a single nurse has responsibility for a set group of patients, this might not be the case. Hospital nurse staffing is a matter of major concern because of the effects it can have on patient safety and quality of care therefore the hospital should ensure that there are sufficient numbers of qualified nursing staff to meet the nursing care needs of the patient. The nurse workforce consists of licensed nurses—registered nurses (RNs)- have obtained their education through three different routes: 3-year diploma programs, 2-year associate degree programs, and 4-year baccalaureate degree programs.  they assess patient needs, develop patient care plans, and administer medications and treatments. licensed practical nurses (LPNs)- receive training programs of about 18 months that emphasize technical nursing tasks. They carry out specified nursing duties under the direction of registered nurses . nurses aides (NAs)- are not usually l icensed but many acquire certified nurse aide or nursing assistant status after proving they have certain skills related to the requirements of particular positions. they typically carry out non-specialized duties and personal care activities. Both registered and licensed practical nurses are licensed by the State in which they are employed. all these nurses provide direct patient care. Registered nurse hours per patient day andtheir skill mix were positively related to intensity of patient care, hospital complexity, and the supply of RNs in the geographic area surrounding the hospital. Licenced pratical hours, and licensed skill mix were predicted less reliably but appear to be used as substitutes for RNs. Overtime hours increased in areas with a lower Registered nurses supply.turnover rates and the use of contract nurses were not affected by nurse supply. Shortage of nurses Nurses have varied educationand practice competencies which bring different skills to patient care, and they must be able to practice to the fullest potential of these capabilities therefore practice environments must recognize and reward these differences by defining nurses roles, and by utilizing and compensating nurses according to their different educational preparation and competencies. Historically shortage of nurses were shortterm but todays shortage is different because It is the beginning ofa long-term shortage. It reflects fundamental changes in the relative attractiveness of careers in hospitals, increased competition from non-hospital employers for caregivers and support personnel, and the aging and pending retirement of the old experienced nurses . Nowadays nursing shortage is evidenced by fewer people training to be nurses therefore there is a growing realization that the supply of appropriately prepared nurses is inadequate to meet the needs of a diverse population and that this shortfall will grow more serious in the near future. A nursing shortage is usually defined and measured in relation to a country? s historical staffing levels, resources and estimates of demand for healthcare services (Buchan Aiken, 2008). Thus, nursing shortages are not easily quantifiable, and they may be defined in terms of professional capacity standards shortage of nurses that are needed to provide quality services or from an economical perspective. Evolution of nurse shortage is due to the following Time over Money Employees today seek more personal time versus financial compensation. Professional versus Personal Role Employees want to be active both at work and at home, not choosing between the two. Rising Superclass of Employees As more employees opt for less stressful work/more personal time, a subgroup of employees, often characterized as more driven, are carrying the load of travel, relocation, and long hours Integration of Home and Work Employers are increasingly offering services to reduce the stress of managing professional and personal lives. These services include child and elder care, dry cleaning, housecleaning, on-site full service banking, and yard care. Gen X Entrepreneurs Employees in their twenties and thirties view the workplace differently, preferring greater autonomy and less bureaucracy. They are loyal to the work versus the employer. Thus, many are choosing independent work/freelancing, such as the temporary agencies in health care. Implications for Hospitals and Health Systems Due to the currently long term shortage of nurse staff The Strategic Planning Policy Committee believes there are seven major implications for hospitals and health systems, plus issues that hospitals, health systems, and associations should consider. Health care is generally about people caring for people. It depends upon appropriate numbers of motivated and well –trained heath care workers caregivers and support personnel. Hospitals leaders must increasingly recognize personnel as a strategic asset, different from, but as important as, adequate payment, capital acquisition, and market share. New technologies which allow staff to emphasize the care-giving and care-supporting functions of their positions are essential for hospitals to attract, develop, and retain employees. The workforce will only expand if hospitals attract staff from the economy generally. Concerted efforts are needed to increase the attractiveness of health careers relative to other employment options if the health care workforce shortage is to be corrected. New work arrangements require a broader perspective on employee relations to build loyalty and create a sense of stability. Some employers are looking to unionization and collective bargaining as a means of increasing their sense of stability. Educational systems need hospital involvement to help identify skills and capabilities in demand in the labor market. Important Issues for Consideration by Hospitals and Health Systems Health care executives need to adopt a long-term time strategy for workforce supply. To correct the shortage, they must assure that the hospital has the power to focus on workforce for the full education, recruitment, career development and retention of employees . Health care management teams need to recognize that the supply, development, and satisfaction of health care workers and supportive personnel is a critical success factor for the organization.. Hospital leadership generate innovative ideas that establish a competition at the work environment, including information technologies that reduce manual documentation and repetitive administrative task ,work schedules that provide more employee flexibility and work roles which emphasize professional competencies and contributions rather than those defined by bureaucracy, administrative procedures, and regulatory requirements. hospitals and health systems will have to create the capacity to develop the staff skills necessary for their survival.clinical and non-clinical education and career development programs upgrade skills and help personnel transition from one career to another it is one of the success factors for hospitals and health systems. Hospitals have always supported continuing education, especially for physicians and nurses. The emphasis on continuing education and career development opportunities needs to be extended across all occupational groups and deepened. Individua l hospitals and health systems may only be able to develop effective programs through collaboration with one another and/or through joint programs with colleges and universities. They should uyilse the new technology to enhance continued medical education. Hospitals need to consider innovations that encourage present staff to obtain additional training and enter new careers in order to facilitate career development, upward mobility, and increased employee tenure. Hospitals and health systems need to broaden their workforce initiatives to reach populations that have not usually been employed throughout health care. Regional initiatives that combine the efforts of multiple institutions are needed as well as individual hospital initiatives.since most of the nurses are women the majority are found only in the lower paying positions. Meeting the workforce challenge will require expanding the boarders of interested persons to reflect fully the diversity of the society. As society becomes more diverse and patients come from an increasing number of racial, ethnic, and national backgrounds, hospitals need to recruit a more diverse workforce that can readily understand, relate to, and communicate with their patient population. compensation strategies need to be reviewed and evaluated despite of the economic pressures faced by hospitals.\hospital works are quite demanding therefore these occupations often require advanced education and continuing training. Unless hospitals provide compensation that is comparable to positions with similar education and responsibility, some potential workers will seek other positions. some hospitals have provided large-numbers of employees with stock ownership as a means of attracting, retaining, and improving the productivity of their employees. As business increasingly uses stock to compensate employees, non-profit hospitals without the opportunity to provide stock options mustdevelop other benefits and compensation approaches to remain competitive. Hospitals and health systems, individually and collaboratively, need to consider establishing new relationships with school, colleges, and universities . while collaborating with these learning institutions then they will be able to increase exposure to hospital careers to the students . Factors contributing to shortage of nurses inadequate workforce planning and allocation mechanisms therefore creating a mismatch between education supply and service based funded demand. Inadequate financial resources which leads to undersupply of new staff. poor recruitment and retention of the nursing staff by the hospitalleading to Increasing demand At this same critical juncture there are large numbers of nurses retiring and are unable to recruit and educate enough nurses to replace them, the baby boomer generation is aging and requiring more healthcare, putting additional strain on an already overburdened healthcare system. ineffective use of available nursing resources through inappropriate skill mix and utilization. Fewer people choosing nursing as a profession. Nursing has traditionally been one of the few female professions. Today, women have more and better professional opportunities and fewer are choosing nursing. Retirement of baby boomer nurses. At the same time that fewer nurses are entering the profession, many are leaving due to retirement. . Nurses quitting the profession due to burnout is reaching epidemic proportions for the same reasons that it is difficult to attract new nurses to the profession. Nursing is exceedingly stressful, physically demanding and exhausting. poor incentive structures or appraisal systems which demotivate the nurses . inadequate career support concerning nursing . other contributing factors include the continued existence of gender-based discrimination in many countries and cultures with the perception that nursing is women’s work. persistence of lawsuits against health workers in many developed countries with nurses often taking the blame because they are the ones who mostly spend most of the time with the patient. Effects of nurse shortage The shortage of nursing staff s have several effects on patient care as wellas the healthcare sector;these include the heavy workload on hospital nurses. Nurses are experiencing higher workloads than ever before due to the following reasons- increased demand for nurses inadequate supply of nurses. reduced staffing and increased overtime reduction in patient length of stay. Studies show that a heavy nursing workload not only affects patient safety but also negatively affects nur sing job satisfaction and, as a result, contributes to high turnover . Quitting of job by the recently employed nurses due to job dissatisfaction and disappointment. Strategies to reduce nurse shortage in the hoaspital According to the ICN (2005) major reform needs to take place within five key areas for policy intervention to improve the global nursing shortage. The five key areas of reform are: 1) macroeconomic and health sector funding policies, 2) workforce policy and planning, including regulation, 3) positive practice environments and organizational performance, 4) retention and recruitment, and 5) leadership Hospitals have developed both short-werm and long –term strategies to reduce the shortage of nurses.these strategies include development of a responsible action plans for delivering patient care in the face of staff shortages that address the following: Attracting and retaining qualified staff by addressing issues important to today’s workforce, including strengthening the patient/clinician/executive partnership, treating each other with respect, promoting continuous quality improvement, and providing fair compensation, flexible scheduling and professional development; Maintaining workloads and expectations that strive to alleviate and prevent burnout; Examining work stream processes to ensure staff is being deployed in an effective manner to meet patient needs; Creating systems for job assignments and backup coverage that ensure responsibilities are appropriately matched with qualifications; Being sensitive to the financial and nonfinancial consequences o f utilizing temporary personnel to fill vacancies; Responding to potential disasters that would significantly impact staff availability over sustained periods, requiring multilevel backup capacity; Conducting employee opinion surveys and exit interviews, using results to identify steps to improve job satisfaction; Identifying ways to engage employees to help define and address issues adversely affecting recruitment and retention objectives; Maintaining a diverse and culturally competent work force; Analyzing departments or units with high turnover rates to determine whether management shortcomings, working conditions, and/or other factors may be contributing to staff morale problems; Exploring, evaluating and implementing best practices from similar organizations that could be helpful in avoiding staff shortages; and Closing units or diverting patients if staff shortages become severe, to ensure that patient care is not compromised and high-quality care is maintained. Attracting new people to the profession- Although this has been the first and only strategy needed to correct past nursing shortages, it is not the first thing we need to do this time. We currently have more qualified applicants to nursing schools than we can educate. As we correct other problems, however, we will need to attract bright young people—and especially men—to the profession. Nursing must become as attractive a career option as other professions. Recruiting inactive nurses-. Inactive nurses are a neglected reservoir of educated, experienced professionals. Educating nursing educators- The lack of nursing educators is a huge problem in solving the nursing shortage. We must create incentives that will attract graduate-level nurses into education. That includes increasing educator salaries so that colleges can compete with other employers and subsidizing advanced education for nurses who commit to teaching for a period of time. Improving nursing’s image- There are two national media campaigns that focus on attracting people to the nursing profession. Both are educating people about the nursing profession and eliminating inaccurate stereotypes about nurses. These are an excellent first step toward improving nursing’s image. We must also improve salaries and benefits and allow nurses more control over what they do. increase recognition that human resources are a core, strategic resource of hospitals so that people may be aware that human resourse affect the care of a patient recruitment of new nurses and improving the retention of nurses tat the hospital will help reduce thatshortage design work patterns and employment practices attractive to today and tomorrows workforce while improving performance and productivity; encouraging promotion and performance appraisal at the work place-this will help in the retention of healthcareworkers at the hospital and therefore reduce the shortage . Case scena rio Nyeri provincial general hospital has a total number of 513 personnel against the establishement of 700. the hospital does not sufficient number of staff intwerms of number and requisite skills to meet the its service delivery . the hospital still continues to experience a shortage across all cadres . mostly the shortage of nurses ,surgeons and radiographers . The nursing staffing pattern in the hospital The nursing staffing patterns in the hospital include Senior nurse officers (SNOs)-most of them are the ward incharge who ensure that the wards are operating smoothly and they are concerned with the general management of the ward . Kenya registered community health nurse –(KRCHN) theses are nurses who have acquired their training in General Nursing, Midwifery and Community Health. The Nurses are empowered with proper knowledge, skills and attitudes to promote health, prevent illness, manage and rehabilitate the individual, the family and the community that may be afflicted by ill health. The duration of study is 3 1/2 Years. Kenya enrolled community health nurses –KECHN-are trained at certificate level in accordance with the Nurses Act Cap 257 of the laws of Kenya and the regulations thereto (or any other nurse whose training and qualifications are recognized and equated at certificate level by the Nursing Council of Kenya) and whose name shall appear in any of the Rolls maintained by the Nursing Council as required by the Act. Bachelor of science in nursing interns –they usually are trained to be nurse educators ,administrators or even researchers . the duration of study is 4 years The shortage of nurses at Nyeri PGH According to my case study I focused on the shortage of the nurses in the hospiotal – The shortages is diverse in that it ranges from shortage of nurse to the other health care workers in the hospital therefore limiting the care offered to the patients . The shortages of other staff are adversely impacting nurses who have the most continuous and closest relationship with patients and their families Without sufficient numbers and quality of nurses and other health careworkers it would be difficult to meet the health care needs of the people. The total number of nurses is 310 while the ideal number of nurses should be about 420 . the shortage that exists is of about 110 nurses . From my analysis here are the number of nursing staffs findings of Nyeri provicila genrral hospital Nurses Norms Available deficit KRCHN 153 110 43 KECHN 171 145 26 For the BSN –they were 15 in total bt the hospital did not indicate how many BSN they needed as for the senior nurse officers they were 41 in total .from the my calcuklation the average approximate number of nurses were in each ward were 12 . this number was too low as compared to the number of patients admitted in that ward. Gaps Gap Between Supply and Demand for Registered Nurses Shortage is the gap between the reality of current availability of nurses and the aspiration for some higher level of provision shortage . hospital require adequate healthcare workers not only in terms of number but also they shoulh have the appropriate skills needed so as to deliver quality care to the patient. shortages exists among all the health care workers but critical gaps exist in the nursing department.the number of nurses are inadequate to meet the patient need. this shortage is not only experienced in this hospital bt also in the other health care settings at different countries . the demand for nurses in the healthcare setting is high but the supply is low in that the number of nurses enrolled are not adequate enough to meet the patient needs. this gap is widening since most of the old nurses are nearing to retire but there are no enough new nurses to recruit inorder to replace them . this issue will have negative consequences on the nursing department therefore stsrategies nned to be put in place to deal with this issue before it gets worse in the near future .a gap between patient need and the nursing care available to meet patient needs. This gap occurs because patients now remain in the hospital only as long as they are acutely ill and clearly in need of nursing care. Once these very acute care needs are met, patients are discharged. Soon other patients, likely with even higher acuity needs, will be admitted to these beds previously occupied by the recently discharged patients. A greater proportion of beds will then be filled by patients with very high acuity needs. Unfortunately, hospitals have not kept up with the need to provide more nurses to care for this increased number of patients requiring higher acuity care. This gap has led to discussions regarding the quality and safety of hospital nursing care currently provided. The increasing intensity of care, due to a greater number of invasive procedures, more powerful medications, and a growing number of patients with chronic acute illness, has markedly increased the intensity of nursing care needed. Recommendation I would recommend for the following strategies to reduce the shortage of nurses at the hospital-developing a human resourse plan that will ensure that the hospital is adequately staffed with the appropriate skill mix to the level that is commensurate withj the existing human resourse capability need. Developing and implementing an intergrated performance management system to enhance improved and sustainable productivity. it will focus on the overall performance of the hospital to find out whether are any performance improvement. Deveopling a human resourse information system that is linked to a hospital –based health management information system to strengthen planning and decision making. Development of policies inorder to increase the recruitment and retention of young adults into the nursing profession. These strategies will come up with Strategies for recruitment of new nurses are needed for the long term . Another critical area for policy intervention  is to achieve effective skill mix-through clarity of roles and a better balance of registered nurses, physicians, other health professionals, and support workers. Nurses should also shape the impression that others have about the profession. –Nurse managers and leaders can be helpful by starting an organization al campaign to educate their staff about how to communicate in social and community settings so as to encourage people to join the nursing profession. Each nurse is the most important recruiter for an organization Healthcare mangement team including nurse leaders must learn new skills for valuing employees since Retention of nurses begins with how the organization does or does not value the staff. with these skills they will reduce the incidencs of shortages in the hospital. Education Developing career progression initiatives to: Move nursing graduates through graduate studies more rapidly; Identify the range of options available beyond the entry-level role such as faculty, researcher and administrator. Institute an education and practice system to promote more equitable compensation in the health care community based on a better understanding of the educational preparation required for different health care roles. Support health care employers to create and sustain staff development programs and lifelong learning for continued competence. Reach out to youth through counselors, youth organizations, schools and other outlets to promote recruitment of a younger, more diverse population of nursing students. Work Environment -Implement specific strategies to retain experienced nurses in the provision of direct patient care, such as: Introducing greater flexibility into work environment structure and scheduling programs; Rewarding experienced nurses for serving as mentors and/or preceptors for new registered nurses; Implementing appropriate salary and benefit programs. Create a partnership environment that advances the practice of nursing by: Establishing appropriate management structures within the health care system; Ensuring adequate nurse staffing and Providing nurses with sufficient autonomy over their practice in all settings. Redesign work to enable an aging workforce to remain active in direct care roles. Use of Technology, Research and Data Collection Investigate the potential for using technological advances to enhance the capacity of a reduced nursing workforce. Promote consistent data collection at the national, state and local level to account for variations at each level to enable appropriate workforce planning for registered nurses. Conclusion In conclusion, nursing shortage is a global problem and each country is facwe with such a problem . the nursing shortages in each country are different but ultimately they have similar effects on health care systems in each country. it is viewed as a problem which undermines health system effectiveness and requires immediate solutions.. These shortage interfere with the delivery of quality care to the patient. shortage of nurses interfere

Game Theory in Life

Game Theory in Life Game theory is a proposition used for strategic decisions. Mathematical models are used to examine the interaction between the decision makers, the issue at hand, and the cooperation between the decision makers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Game Theory in Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Case Study The conflict issue is about Iran and Israel. A rivalry for influence and power is emerging between the two nations. Iran is becoming uncomfortable with the regional competition posed by Israel. Iran views such competitionas an intention to undermine her revolutionary system. Israel, on the other hand, is disturbed by Iran’s anti-Jewish ideologies together with her increasing military potential, particularly her nuclear energy programs (United Institute of Peace 1). Israel believes that Iran’s nuclear program will be used to create nuclear weapons, which Iran might use to wipe Israel from the world map . Israel already has nuclear energy programs in place. She is worried about Iran’s intentions and is not interested much in offending Iran unless she believes that Iran has crossed the red line, meaning that she is ready to engage in a nuclear war. Iran is also focused on avoiding to show early offence to Israel since she might be resented by a large section of the international community, or even face combined strikes from the UN and Israel allies. It has demonstrated this by holding talks with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) about inquiries into her atomic bomb research (Thomson Reuters 2). Israel, however, is still convinced that Iran is being cleverly deceptive, and therefore wants to engage her directly. The two countries have to respond to the tension that has built between them, and the results of their response might be beneficial or fatal to both or one of them. Summary of the game Issue: Does either of the countries need to boost her military capabilit y in anticipation of war, or embrace more peaceful strategies in order to facilitate arbitration? The players are Israel and Iran. The actions are boosting military capacity to attack the rival, and receding from war preparations in order to maintain peace. The payoffs for the game include:Advertising Looking for essay on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A nation loses resources by fighting an unprepared rival and gets a payoff of (-1). Remember that winning the war does not solve the conflict. The unprepared nation falls if attacked by a well-prepared rival. The defeated nation gets a payoff of (-3). A well-prepared nation fights another well-prepared nation, and the battle ends in a draw, and apayoff of 2is gained by each nation. In this case, both nations defend their resources against the rival’s strategies, say each nation fails to strike well because the other one has ensured perfect se lfprotection against attack. Both nations enjoy peace when Iran makes no weapons and Israel trusts her (each of the nations get a payoff of 3). Embracing peace can work for the benefit of both nations if Iran acts in the interest of peace by not manufacturing nuclear weapons, and Israel trusts Iran. Iran can do this by subduing her nuclear capacities and only arming her military to a level that is normal (for defensive purposes only). Israel, on the other hand, will have to respond optimistically by maintaining peace. Sets of strategies IRAN KEEPS PEACE Signs a peace deal with Israel and respects the deal. IRAN OFFENDS Engages in amassing weapons of mass destruction regardless of what Israel does. Israel agrees to maintain peace and trusts Iran’s promises. Iran subdues her military capacity to defensive level. Israel responds by keeping peace. Iran secretly boosts her military capacity to offensive level. Israel keeps peace assuming that Iran is subduing her mili tary capacity to defensive level. Israel prepares for the big warand eventually attacks regardless of what Iran does Iran subdues her military capacity to defensive but Israel still prepares for the big war. Israel does not trust Iran and still strikes. War results before Iran attains nuclear weapon capacity i.e.; Iran escalates conflict to war and fights to offend. Israel is equally prepared and responds by fighting to offend. War ends in a draw. This equilibrium is inherently stable, i.e. what Israel is doing is optimal given what Iran is doing and vice versa and thus none of them would regret her move. 3, 3 Both agree to maintain peace and subdue their military capacities to a normal/defensive level. (Nashequilibrium) -1, -3 One of the nation fights. -3, -1 One of the nation fights. 2, 2 Both fight and battle ends in a draw (none wins) (Nash Equilibrium) 3, 3 is the oneset of stable strategies, and is the first Nash equilibrium. In this set, if both countries keep peace and limit their military capacities to just normal (for defensive purpose only), then neither of them would wish to strike because such a move is unprofitable because it gives a payoff of (-1). 2, 2 is also a stable set and is the second Nash equilibrium.If both nations beef up their military capacities to levels that escalate conflict and result in war, then none of them would wish to recede. Receding gives a payoff of (-3), which is the worst payoff in the game. Neither of the nations would want to fall whether in the presence or absence of war. In a Nash equilibrium, all players follow some rule or natural law, in this case, the law is to survive whether in presence or absence of war, without focusing on any incentive (Boleslavsky, â€Å"Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium† 6). A best responseis a strategy a where player cannot gain more utility by switching to another strategy.Best responses for Israel are:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Game Theory in Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More to keep peace if Iran keeps peace, and gain a payoff of 3 instead of fightingher for a payoff of (-1). to fight back if Iran escalates the conflict to a war,and get a payoff of (2), instead of (-3) obtained from receding. Israel’s best responses are marked by asterisks in the table below: 3*, 3 None fights the other (Nash equilibrium) -1, -3 Iran fights but Israel recedes -3, -1 Iran keeps peace and Israel fights 2*, 2 Both fight (Nash equilibrium) Best responses for Iran areto keep peace and get a 3 if Israel keeps peace, instead of getting (-1) by fighting, and to fight back and get a 2 if Israel escalates conflict into a war, and avoid a payoff of (-3) that would be gained from keeping peace. Iran’s best responses are marked by asterisks in the table below: 3, 3* Agree to subdue military capacity to just normal/defensive -1, -3 One fights -3, -1 One fights 2, 2* Both fight and draw (equally prepared for war) In the two sets of equilibrium, no player has an incentive to change her strategy, each has to respond to the other’s actions in a manner that would optimize her utility and therefore: Only individual deviations are useful. There are no useful group deviations. Due to the different weights placed on various strategies, an algorithm for a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium has to be developed. It will allow us to find the mixed strategies available to each of players, which are meant to make their rival indifferent in her choices (Boleslavsky, â€Å"Dynamic Games† 5). Mixed strategies in this case are strategies that: Israel can use to make Iran indifferent on whether to embrace peace or fuel the conflict. Iran can use to make Israel indifferent on whether to embrace peace or fuel the conflict. To come up with this algorithm: Let P1 stand for move towards embracing peace by Iran, and P2 stand for move towards emb racing peace by Israel. Let W1 stand for move towards escalating conflict by Iran,and W2 stand for move towards escalating conflict by Israel. Whenever Israel choses to embrace peace, i.e. avoid anticipating for war by trustingIran, and avoid launching attacks, Iran can chose a randomization strategy to either amass weapons secretly or embrace peace by keeping her military capacity at defensive level only.Advertising Looking for essay on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If Iran choses to embrace peace, i.e. tame her behavior in nuclear program, and keep her military capacity at defensive level, Israel may randomize her choices between trusting Iran so as to embrace peace, and launching war regardless of Iran’s promises to tame herbehavior in the nuclear program. Each country’s mixed strategy is aimed at making the other one’s payoffs (expected utilities) averagely the same, whether they chose to escalate the conflict or embrace peace. Israel’s Mixed Strategy Israel’s mixed strategy is one that makes Iran’s Expected Utility (EU)for choosing to escalate conflict as a pure strategy, equal to that gained from embracing peace as a pure strategy. This can be represented as: EUP1 = EUR1 Iran’s expected utility for choosing peace is a function of a mixed strategy where Israel choses peace as shown below: EUP1 = f (ÏÆ'U) The same applies if Iran choses to escalate the conflict as shown: EUw1 = f (ÏÆ'U) Isra el’s mixed strategy can be solved by examiningthe expected utility for Iran’s move to limit military capacity and be honest, as a function of mixed strategy for Israel’smove to trust Iran, and embrace peace. 3, 3* -1, -3 -3, -1 2, 2* For Israel’s mixed strategy Some percentage of the time, Iran is getting a 3 when Israel moves towards peace, and a (-1) the rest of the time when Israel plays towards causing war. Iran’s expected utility for playing towards peace is: EUP1 = ÏÆ'U(3) + (1 ÏÆ'U)(-1), whereby (1 ÏÆ'U) is the percentage of this time when Israel moves towards war. Similarly, Iran’s expected utility for choosing conflict is EUW1 = ÏÆ'U(-3) + (1 ÏÆ'U) (2) Since EUP1 = EUw1,yet we haveEUP1 = ÏÆ'U (3) + (1 ÏÆ'U) (-1), and EUW1 = ÏÆ'U (-3) + (1 ÏÆ'U) (2): ÏÆ'U (3) + (1 ÏÆ'U) (-1) = ÏÆ'U (-3) + (1 ÏÆ'U) (2) By simplifying this, 3ÏÆ'U – 1 + ÏÆ'U = -3ÏÆ'U + 2 2ÏÆ'U 3ÏÆ'U + ÏÆ'U + 3ÏÆ'U + 2ÏÆ'U =2 + 1, therefore 9ÏÆ'U =3 ÏÆ'U =1/3 meaning that if Israel plays towards peace 1/3rd of the time, and towards causing war 2/3rd of the time, then Iran is indifferent on whether to escalate the conflict or tame her nuclear activities and avoid war. Iran’s Mixed Strategy When the same method is applied for Iran’s mixed strategies; EUP2 = EUW2 EUP2 = f (ÏÆ'W1) The same applies if Iran choses to escalate the conflict as shown: EUW2 = f (ÏÆ'W1) EUP2 = EUW2yet we haveEUP2 = ÏÆ'W1 (3) + (1 – ÏÆ'W1) (-1), and EUW2 = ÏÆ'W1 (-3) + (1 – ÏÆ'1) (2): ÏÆ'W1 (3) + (1 – ÏÆ'W1) (-1) = ÏÆ'W1 (-3) + (1 – ÏÆ'W1) (2) By simplifying this, 3ÏÆ'W1– 1 + ÏÆ'W1= -3ÏÆ'W1+ 2 + 2ÏÆ'W1 3ÏÆ'W1 + ÏÆ'W1+ 3ÏÆ'W1+ 2ÏÆ'W1=2 + 1 ÏÆ'W1=1/3 This result means that if Iran plays towards peace 1/3rd of the time and towards war 2/3rdof the time, then Israel is indifferent on whether to escalate the conflict or attack her, and cause war. As a result of this outc ome, the optimal strategy for the nationsis for both Israel and Iran to play towards peace with probability 1/3, and away from it with probability 2/3, so that none of them can change her strategy in a way that can give her competitive advantage over her rival. Boleslavsky, Raphael. Dynamic Games 1 (2011): 5. Boleslavsky, Raphael. Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium. 1 (2011): 6. Thomson Reuters. â€Å"U.N. Nuclear Agency in Talks about Talks with Iran.†The Reuters. Mon Apr 22, 2013: 1-3. Print. United Institute of Peace. â€Å"Israel and Iran: A Dangerous Rivalry from Iran Primer.†The Iran Primer.January 10 (2012):1. Print.

Affirmative action at the work place Essay Example for Free

Affirmative action at the work place Essay ? Affirmative action is a concept used as a justice seeking tool comprising of policies to address intimidating aspects of a non dominant or minor group. Such groups include women, minority men and physically disabled people. Affirmative action increases these groups access to facilities such as employment and education. The motivation for affirmative action comes in times when a perception or actual negative aspect towards a certain group is experienced, but illegal according to legislative bodies. It is also applied in learning and service delivery institutions such as police forces, hospitals or universities to motivate them to act more responsibly to the people they represent. According to Bulman (2006), affirmative action at the work place is a concept that should be applied in all departments. This is because many working places are characterized by cultural, social and political diversity (p.45). This is to say that people come from different communities, races, religions, political backgrounds, gender, national origins, and age, physical and mental health capabilities. This calls for affirmative action to fight for the weak mass within the working place, as these upgrades the workforce diversity. Racial and gender based discrimination in a working environment comes in the areas of granting jobs, in promotional programs and admission to institutions causing unfairness and inhumanity aspects in the working environment. Affirmative action in an employment environment illustrates both the prescriptive indicators and double edge quality in working together. Strong form of affirmative action should be the abolishment of race and sex consciousness in the times of hiring, promotion and in layoff preferences. Â  The need and essentiality of constructing integrated society in the workplace is to develop a forward looking and pragmatic staff. The diversity bestowed on company employees signifies diversity in its location and therefore employers need a law to govern them for maintenance of the diversity. The ideology of preferences among equally qualified applicants has a negative perception at this time when diversity is so widely acknowledged. The support extended to workplace diversity leaves open both questions of means and ends. Enhancement of affirmative action can literally be done through encouraging application from disadvantaged groups during recruitment programs. As a result, some preferences may be extended to the groups perceived to be underrepresented. Affirmative action should be mostly adopted by government organizations for they are highly affected by discrimination along ethnicity and gender lines (Loury, 2003, p.13). Adoption of this will make state parties to diminish or eliminate situations which help in perpetuating discrimination. For the government to assist implementation of this, each company should be given some legal minimum requirements to comply, in the area of representation by the disadvantaged groups in their various departments of work. The matters of concern that should be addressed are equity ownership, representation within management, employee level up to board of directors level, procurement of businesses and other several social investment programs. Affirmative action prevents discrimination in lines with hiring bias, promotion, job assignment, compensation, retaliation and all sorts of harassments. Work place is a unique and important site for development of corporative and social ties of different groups. It has of late become the centre for corporation, socialization, and solidarity, which emerge as primary features of human psychology. This has also been tightened by affirmative action move, which has promoted equity in opportunity and demographic heterogeneity and the imposition of rudimentary virtues of freedom of association and communication (Mellot, 2006, p.7). The conventionality in the diversity argument hardly spins the value of demographic based on heterogeneity and is mostly made to ensure work place integration. The process of affirmative action thus starts with pooling different people of different identities and backgrounds together. Different experiences and attitudes thought to correspond to demographic variations in the work place are eroded easily, thus emphasizing on common ground and connectedness across the difference lines. In places where many people live and work together elements like friction in decision making, turnover and dissatisfaction are eminent. The challenge is devising the ways and means to ameliorate the emerging tensions. In the employment context, workers should be protected equally and completely rule out employment abuses such as unequal treatment of treating employees, job applicants and former employees due to differences in a group membership. Employers have to take care of pregnant mothers or related medical conditions. It is against affirmative action move to discriminate workers in lines of discharging, hiring, compensating, terms provision, conditions and employment related privileges (Mellot, 2006, p. 9). From societal point of it, the employees form a part of society. They have to take that as their own community, live in it and a system of governance should exist within. Application of many cooperative interracial interactions in the workplace ensures the living together and governance. Because of the diversity brought in by the globalization process, interactions that lead to reasonable and controllable frictions should be allowed to pave way to brainstorming and creativity. From the societal calculus, the side of the employer is less considered. Affirmative action at the work place. (2018, Nov 09).

Case Analysis on Human Resource Management Essay - 1

Case Analysis on Human Resource Management - Essay Example Line ,managers are the people who engineer effective human resource management. These managers link people with different missions. Linking people together and the human capital will require trained human resource managers who will be resourceful in acting strategically on issues concerning human resources management. Human resource management should be addressed as the firm’s business issues. The human resources managers should put much emphasis on the effectiveness of the business, maximizing profits, and the overall business survival. The line managers are very instrumental in making sure that the human resource issues are well managed. Lucent Technologies have made greater achievements in the human management issues. Their employees (managerial and professional) are highly motivated people a thing that has greatly contributed in the success of the company. These have seen it being the leading company in the technological field. It has a good repute on issues relating to staff recruitment, promotion of its employees to different managerial ranks and the overall management issues that has led to the inclusion of women as their employees thus gender sensitive. However, Lucent Technology is facing management challenges and is not sure about the future of its employees who are of hourly basis, this is because its competitors who include Cisco systems concentrate on manufacturing to smaller firms a move that help reduce costs, similar impacts are made on Lucent. The company CEO Mr. Henry Schacht is determined in making considerable changes in the company by making it move from manufacturing oriented to technological oriented a thing that has contributed to the increased productivity. Its growth in the first four years has been very successful under the leadership of Henry Schacht . He has organized the firm into eleven business units as an expansion strategy. Lucent technologies have created

Environmental Law, Air Pollution Permits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Law, Air Pollution Permits - Essay Example Whenever a directive relating to emission principles or other requirements is adopted, it provides for the compliance with standards no later than the specified date (Theodore, 2008). Cap and trade is an ecological policy tool that delivers results with an obligatory cap on emissions while providing flexibility on how they comply. Successful cap and trade programs reward efficiency, innovation and environmental responsibility without infringing on economic growth. Examples of cap and trade programs consist of the acid rain program and the budget training program. This program is also known as emissions trading. These two programs differ in several ways. They include, the cap and trade program involves the purchasing of emission credits while the bubble program entails the controlled emissions with breaking any of the agreements incurs heavy fines. The use of emission trading has enhanced the achievement of environmental goals. Some skeptics have suggested that emissions’ trading has become an avenue for evading environmental requirements, while the bubble program enhances the achievement of environmental goals (Schaltegger, 2010). A stationary source is the basis that discharges more amounts of pollutants other than those defined by the Environmental Agency that protects the environment. This organization is in charge of regulating and monitoring of pollution. New Source Performance Standards define the amount of pollutants allowed by certain sources. A stationary source of air pollution is any fixed emitter of air pollutants. They include power plants, petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants (Reitze, 2005). Mobile source air pollution is any form of air pollution emitted by equipment that can be moved from one location to another. They include motor vehicles, airplanes, locomotives and other engine driven machines. Most of these pollutants contribute to environmental degradation and have a harmful

Edwin Hubble :: essays research papers fc

Edwin Hubble   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edwin Powell Hubble was born on the 20th of November in 1889. He lived in Marshfield, Missouri along with his family. He was said to be a very tall, elegant, and athletic young man. Edwin had a mom, dad, three sisters, and two brothers. His mom and dad were named John Powell and Virginia James Hubble. His sisters were Virginia, Helen, and Lucy Lee. Edwin's two brothers were named Henry and William. William died as a student at a college in Wisconsin and Virginia died when she was a very young girl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Edwin attended high school he got a scholarship to go to the University of Chicago, but, unfortunately he had to share the scholarship with another student. After a few years Edwin decided to try Queens College located in Oxford, but later went back to the University of Chicago for postgraduate work. Edwin, at age thirty, had an undergraduate degree in astronomy and mathematics, a legal degree as a Rhodes scholar, followed by a PhD in astronomy. Edwin Hubble originally started out as a lawyer. For one year he taught Spanish and mathematics for New Albany High School. He also coached a basketball team. The high school dedicated their yearbook to Edwin Hubble that year. Finally after teaching at the high school Edwin went to Yerkes Observatory to be an astronomer. He was the very first person to try a two hundred inch telescope. Edwin Hubble served for two years in the military. Edwin also served in WWI, and met the rank of a major. In 1919, for the rest of his life Edwin would go to and worked at Mount Wilson Observatory in California in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edwin Hubble had many great accomplishments as an astronomer in his lifetime. Some of Edwin Hubble's greatest accomplishments were: Edwin Hubble proposed a classification system for nebulae, which are fuzzy little patches of light that are up in the sky. He discovered a variable star, called the Cepheid. It is located in the Andromeda Nebulae. Edwin Hubble settled decisively the question of the nature of the galaxies. Edwin Hubble's distribution of galaxies was determined to be homogeneous in distance. Edwin wanted to classify the galaxies according to their content, distance, shape, and pattern of brightness. By observing redshifts Edwin saw that galaxies were moving away from each other at a rate constant to the distance between them (this is known as Hubble's Law).

A Fledgling’s Masterpeice Essay

Citizen Kane is widely hailed as the â€Å"great American film† and with good reason. From its complex narrative structure to pioneering photography to its incredibly rich use of sound, Welles’ 1941 picture remains one of the most innovative movies ever to come out of a Hollywood studio. Even Today Citizen Kane stands out as one of the great films of all time. Unfolding almost entirely in flashback, Welles’s masterpiece presents various perspectives on the oversized life of the recently deceased Charles Foster Kane. Through the reminiscences of friends, family, and coworkers, the film moves from Kane’s childhood to his rambunctious adolescence, from the heights of his success to the depths of his isolation. All the while there is a search for clues to Kane’s mysterious last word: â€Å"Rosebud.† The puzzling phrase drives the tale, but ultimately it is only a means of exploring the film’s real theme: the impossibility of truly understanding any human being. In the film Kane (Orson Welles, who also directed and co-wrote the screenplay) is separated from his parents as a child and made heir to an enormous fortune. Coming of age, he decides to run a newspaper, sensationalizing the news and considering himself to be the voice of the people. With ambitions beyond publishing, he runs for New York Governor, and later promotes the singing career of his second wife Susan. He also builds Xanadu, an extravagant palace that is never finished. These various ambitions fail, and Kane dies a wealthy but spiritually broken man. When William Randolph Hearst (multimillionaire and media tycoon) got wind of what 25-year-old Orson Welles was creating at RKO’s film studio, he feared his life was the inspiration for the main character. In response Hearst and his newspapers employed all their influence to try and stop Citizen Kane’s 1941 release. John O’Hara of Newsweek addresses just this controversy in his review of Citizen Kane. He begins by stating that Citizen Kane is the finest film that  he has ever seen and that Orson Welles is the greatest actor ever. This is a bold statement to make at the time because it was printed before the film was released and before any kind of public consensus could be made. O’Hara’s observation would turn out to be somewhat true. His reasons for promoting Citizen Kane are no more than pure enthusiasm and support for a film that impressed him greatly. He states that his intension is to make you want to see the picture that he believes to be â€Å"as good a picture as was ever made†. (O’Hara 60) O’Hara seems to be more of an excited fan than a film critic. His unbridled enthusiasm is evident in every sentence of his review. He appears to be an admirer of Orson Welles’ just as much as the movie itself. He states that Citizen Kane lacks nothing. Later in the article, as if to be reassuring, he says that â€Å"aside from what it does lack Citizen Kane has Orson Welles†. He compares Welles to artists like F. Scott Fitzgerald who had gone unrecognized until after his death. He ends his article with the statement that there has never been a better actor than Orson Welles and then repeats that very statement. (O’Hara 60) The controversy surrounding Citizen Kane and W. R. Hearst is also addressed by Bosely Crowther of the New York Times. He says that â€Å"suppression of this film would be a crime†. But unlike O’Hara, Crowther seems a little more critical of the film. He says that Welles’ abundance of imagery is so great that it sometimes gets in the way of his logic. He also claims that the film â€Å"fails to provide a clear picture of the character and motive behind the man whom the whole film revolves†.(Crowther 5) Aside from the few critical points, Crowther was very complimentary towards Citizen Kane. He comments on the excellent direction of Mr. Welles and the sure and penetrating performances of the entire cast.Crother feels that Citizen Kane is one of the most realistic takes on the cinema to date. He describes it as cynical, ironic, oppressive, and realistic. â€Å"Citizen Kane has more vitality than fifteen other films we could name†. (Crowther5) The New Yorker’s John Marsh also is very complimentary of Citizen Kane, but  for much more technical reasons. He addresses the many aspects of the film that set it apart from all others. â€Å"Since movies hitherto have commenced with a cast list and a vast directory of credits, we are promptly jolted out of our seats when Citizen Kane ignores this convention and slides at once into the film.† He believes that this formal difference is revolutionary enough to establish Welles’ independence from convention. â€Å"This independence, like fresh air, sweeps on and on through the movie.†(Marsh 79) Marsh also comments on Welles’ method of storytelling with the use of repetition and flashing scenes. â€Å"With a few breakfast scenes, the progress of a marriage is shown as specifically as if we had read the wife’s diary. To Marsh something new has come to the movie world at last. He believes that the film’s triumphant quality is that although Kane is presented as a villainous miser, the human touch is not lost. Sympathy for the preposterous Mr. Kane survives. All three of these writers share a similar opinion about Citizen Kane. Individually they each appreciate different aspects of the film. John O’Hara is intoxicated with the performance of Orson Welles, both in front and behind the camera. Bosely Crowther discusses the reality of the film itself. John Marsh believes that it’s unconventional approach is what will set Citizen Kane apart from other movies in the future. Although each writer praises different aspects of the movie they all agree that Citizen Kane is a film that will drastically alter the film making processfrom now on.

Cultural Competence Is A Critical Instrument For Any...

Summary Cultural competence is a critical instrument for any government since it indicates the users and information and the relevant terms and concept. Particularly in the federal government who mandates the delivery of culturally competent health care to these communities, and health services in a culturally appropriate way. Therefore, the concept of diversity now includes cultural diversity or different cultures with diverse features. For this reason, the importance of such research into these areas deliveries of health services to immigrant and minority community incorporated into the concept of the public administration spectrum. Perceiving the way to overcome or bridge the conflict to provide culturally health care, to these communities as well. Preceding the public administrators to research and draw heavily from these inquiries. Findings tenet to most researchers on the topic in respects for the understanding of the difference classes and incorporated into the public administration literature. This causing manager to create effective cross-cultural work teams and prevent an organization from becoming dysfunctional. Further, managers need a fast way to learn enough about the diverse groups to accommodate their workforce to function effectively. Justice Sotomayor commented, â€Å"I would hope that a wise Latina, with the richness of her experiences, would more often than not reach a better conclusion that a white male who has not lived that life.† (Savage 2009) Words ofShow MoreRelatedAmerican Indian Behavioral Health Assessment Instruments4140 Words   |  17 PagesAmerican Indian Behavioral Health Assessment Instruments Dee Manatowa University of New England Abstract Mental and behavioral health agencies who service American Indians should employ a culturally relevant approach. 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