Principles of marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Standards of showcasing - Essay Example Sprite is a result of Coca Cola, and in this manner, it is important to present the organization quickly. The Coca Cola Company appeared in 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia. From that point forward it has developed to get one of the most famous names in the drink advertise far and wide. By and by, Coca Cola works in excess of 195 nations around the globe. It has in excess of 30,000 representatives working for its diverse SBU’s around the world. One of the best quality of Coca Cola is its overall nearness and incredible arranging. The one of a kind component of Coca Cola is that they don't act like a MNC; they work together locally (The Coca Cola Company, 2012). Coca Cola have normalized their center item. They center around the way that the beverage should taste the equivalent in all the pieces of the world. The measurements plainly connotes that Coca Cola’s procedures are following the correct way prompting their creation and permitting of around 3,500 beverages in excess of 2 00 nations. Sprite is one of the exceptionally acclaimed results of the organization. Nonetheless, in this investigation, the emphasis would be on Coca Cola’s tasks in the Middle-East nations (Kotler, Armstrong, and Wong, 2008). This report will contain a portion of the significant watchwords, and those are characterized beneath. Division: - Segmentation is a system or procedure by which organizations characterize and partition an enormous market into little and recognizable market portions having indistinguishable needs, needs and request qualities (McDonald and Dunbar, 1995). Showcasing Mix: - Marketing Mix is characterized as the planned blend of the advertising components, which are regularly the item, value, spot and advancement. These four components of the promoting blend are custom fitted until the correct mix is found that satisfies the requests of shoppers and produces ideal benefit for the organization. 2.0 Features of Segmentation Market division is frequently all uded to as an advertising system which includes division or analyzation of the more extensive market into little fragments of market. The division is done based on the regular needs of shoppers. When the expected market is fragmented, organizations for the most part define and execute systems to satisfy the requirements and wants of each portion. Market division likewise urges organizations to make item separation and utilize various media channels to focus on the diverse portion of clients. Moreover, it enormously causes organizations to configuration proper advertising blend for each section (Jobber and Fay, 2006). In this obfuscated and wild business condition, associations are constrained to make advertise division, as it is hard to focus on the whole market with a similar system. Moreover, the moving need of customers is likewise another driver for the organizations to utilize division procedure. Essentially, these variables additionally constrained Coca Cola to section their m arket for Sprite. Since the item is sodas, the organization made the division of the market astutely. Sprite was proposed for the mass and not for a specific fragment of clients. It was shown as a brand which was in the matter of extinguishing thirst and reviving individuals around

Foundations of Microeconomics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Establishments of Microeconomics - Assignment Example Then again, grown-up clients are for the most part addicts and in that capacity, adults’ request is less value versatile contrasted with teenagers’ request. an) It is mistaken that an expense that doesn't have a deadweight misfortune can't raise any income for the administration. At the point when the interest of a decent is splendidly inelastic, an expense would have no impact on the amount or any deadweight misfortune. Be that as it may, the duty would in any case raise income for the legislature. In the chart over, the interest bend is splendidly inelastic. A presentation of expense moves the flexibly bend inwards from Se to S*. The amount provided decreases from qe to q*. In any case, the value stays steady. In such a situation where the interest of a decent is impeccably inelastic, there is no deadweight misfortune yet the administration is as yet ready to raise income through tax assessment. b) It is off base that an expense that raises no income for the legislature can't have any deadweight misfortune. At the point when the legislature forces a 100% duty on merchandise, dealers won't gracefully any of the great and the assessment will raise no income. In any case, the duty has an enormous deadweight misfortune as it lessens the amount offered to zero. At the point when the legislature forces a 100% assessment on a decent, there will be no gracefully of that great and the flexibly bend will be equivalent to the value hub. The duty won't raise any income for the administration and it will have an enormous deadweight misfortune as appeared in the figure

How Do I Write College Essays Online?

How Do I Write College Essays Online?For many students, college essays are one of the most dreaded assignments. Many students get nervous about writing a paper for college and the way they may come across in front of their professor. Students think they will come across as useless, boring and one that needs to be reviewed and not read. But, you can solve this problem.By utilizing the services of online college essays online, you can take control of your writing and overcome any fear. Many colleges offer these online courses as part of their regular course offerings. Some of these online classes may only be given online. You have to check with your college to know which one you may be able to take.There are some great benefits to taking online courses. You don't have to worry about traveling and accommodation while attending class or even studying. Most of the time, you can live anywhere in the world. Some colleges will give you extra money if you take classes in the United States. If this is the case, then you would be required to send in your transcripts from your home country.Classes online enable you to learn from the convenience of your own home. You can study at any time of the day and anytime of the year. If you have exams scheduled, you would just have to login to your classes online.If you find it difficult to write your own essay, then you can look into using professional essay writers. These professionals usually work for these companies that provide essay writing services. These companies specialize in providing quality services and this is where they get paid well. Professional essay writers charge a lot of money but the quality of their work is top notch. You have to spend some time checking out samples to see what they are offering. The more samples you look at, the better the selection becomes.Not all good companies offer a high quality service. Most companies that do not charge very much charge very little. This may not be true if you are a coll ege student.With the help of online college essays online, you can overcome all fears and anxieties of writing your college essays. You can start working on the essay without having to face any additional stress.

The Cloud Security Allience ( Csa ) - 2052 Words

There are numerous ways one can gain unauthorized access to data maintained in the cloud’s data centers. The methods vary from physical theft to trickery and electronic attack. Common methods of attack include cracking weak passwords, privilege escalation, exploiting unused database functionality, targeting known unfixed software vulnerabilities, SQL injection, and stealing unencrypted back-up tapes (Higgins, 2008). The Cloud Security Allience (CSA), which promotes best practices for cloud computing security, cites seven main threats to the cloud: â€Å"1) Abuse and nefarious use of cloud computing; 2) Insecure application programming interfaces; 3) Malicious insiders; 4) Shared technology vulnerabilities; 5) Data loss or leakages;†¦show more content†¦Accountability refers to determining when a security breach occurs, who was responsible for the breach, and where to place liability for any losses. Audibility is keeping tracking of who accessed or changed data and ensuring that employees maintain the minimal access level required for job success (Yang and Borg, 2012). However, it should be noted that these measures do not physically prevent subversive actions and rely on the threat of future punishment as a deterrent. Number four on the CSA list is shared technologies vulnerability. Shared technology vulnerabilities are possible due to virtualization and multitenancy. Two independent virtual machines could be operating on the same physical machine, potentially allowing one virtual machine to peek at the other’s data through the physical link (Wiley, 2012). A Denial of Service (DoS) attack can also be instrumented through multitenancy by misappropriating resources from the shared platform (Fernandes, 2013). One step that organizations can take to prevent a multitenancy leak is to ensure the organization’s web server is not on the same platform as its database. If someone were able gain access to a web server that also had a database on it, they would have access to that database. While this requires more resources to separate the two servers, the additional layer of security is worth the expense to the organization (â€Å"Database Security,† n.d.). Number seven on the CSA

Impact Of The Early French Revolution - 1114 Words

CHANGES IN THE ESTATES: THE IMPACTS OF THE EARLY FRENCH REVOLUTION Benjamin A Polozune History 3001: Europe in the Age of the French Revolution and Napoleon September 9th, 2015 It would be difficult at best to argue that the French Revolution was not one of the most significant events in the history of Europe. Amongst a sea of rebellions, revolts, wars and squabbles, it was the first true fall of a Monarchy that Europe had ever seen, the end of an ancient regime that had stood for nearly a millennium. But did it actually mean any real change for the citizens of Europe? The answer is absolutely â€Å"Yes†. While the lives of the citizens outside of France fall outside of the scope of this paper, simply examining the lives of French citizens is more than enough. One need only look at the laws, and the changes to both the privileges and the responsibilities possessed by the various positions of society to see a clear contrast of before and after. France’s society and economy were nearly upended, with all three estates experiencing severe alterations to the fabric of their society. To be able to determine the changes that were effected upon French society during the French revolution, it is necessary to first examine the period immediately preceding it. In early 1789, France’s estates were well divided. The first and second held virtually all power, while the third was regarded with both fear and suspicion by its counterparts. By contrast the third estate heldShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of The French Revolution On The Artistic Foundation Of French People702 Words   |  3 PagesThe effect of the French Revolution on the artistic foundation of French people, and eventually the world at large, it’s incalculable. Two styles of the styles that permeated the developments of the French Revolution were the Neoclassical and the Romantic style, which mixed Baroque and Rococo elements. (Metropolitan Museum of Art). The major artistic style in France, however, at about that time, was the Neoclassical. Elements such as scientific advancements and excavations of ancient sites, yieldedRead MoreEconomic Causes Of The French R evolution811 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Revolution, also known as the Revolution of 1789 was a traumatic movement that had an affect on both France and the world during the late 17th and early 18th century. This Revolution lasted from 1789 until 1814, for it made a large impact on the nation that caused a turning point in the history of the world. During this time, many events occurred like the executing of KIng Louis XIV and the rule of Napoleon. There are many reasons to cause a revolution, but this revolution had both economicRead MoreFemale Dominance And Grisly Details Of The Haitian Revolution857 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Haitian Revolution. Unfortunately, the contributions of women in the Haitian Revolution are often overlooked by historians due to the horrors of the revolution. The few more works that do exist about women discuss their roles in slavery and their resistance in the Haitian Revolution. In recent years, some scholars are challenging the lack of women representation in the Haitian War of Independence. Scholars like Philippe Girard are dissecting historical texts to examine the impact of women inRead MoreHuge Divisions in Haiti Lead to Unrest1314 Words   |  5 Pagesrace and social structures in Haiti led to huge divisions in Haitian society and unrest. The majority of the population were slaves and slavery played a massive role in the Haitian economy and its abolishment had a massive impact. The events occurring in Europe, the French revolution for example, led to the slave revolt and ultimately the independence of Haiti in 1804. The rebellion in Haiti undoubtedly had an important role in world history. Between 1756 and1763, the economy of Saint-Domingue graduallyRead MoreComplications Of The French Revolution1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution (1789-1799) had significant, far reaching implications. In Britain it permeated every level of society. Not only did politicians change their allegiances, but moderate reformers were radicalised, and British society was completely divided into supporters and detractors of the Revolution. It also resulted in a drastic politicisation of Ireland, changing the nature of politics completely. The British government was threatened by the French Revolution because they saw what wasRead MoreThe Age of Revolutions1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe Age of Revolutions is often a term used for a period of time, usually between 1760 -1848. Although the term encompasses many revolutions across the globe, it isn’t very often that these events are examined as a whole; compared and contrasted to show the similarities, differences, and even some potential catalytic properties between them. The book The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c. 1760-1840, put together and edited by David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, is a book of essays collaboratedRead MoreTo What Extent Was The Enlightenment The Main Driving Force Behind The American And French Revolutions?1479 Words   |  6 Pagesfocuses on the causes of Atlantic Revolutions and will explore the question: To what extent was the Enlightenment the main driving force behind the American and French Revolutions? The years 1685 to 1815 (Strayer, 2011) will be the focus of this investigation to allow for an analysis of the Enlightenment ideas’ impact the need for governmental change in the American colonies and France during the eighteenth century, as well as their governmental influences post-revolutions. †¯ The first source whichRead MoreThe Enlightenment s Influence On The French Revolution885 Words   |  4 PagesMaheera Syed The Enlightenment’s Influence on the French Revolution No one could have imagined the impact that the Enlightenment would have and its long-lasting effect. The Enlightenment and its ideas became so widespread that they did not only affect France, but many other countries also. The French Revolution was directly inspired and influenced by the Enlightenment. Revolutionaries in France built their cause around the ideals of the Age of Reason. Reason, reform and modernity took hold mainlyRead MoreThe Impact of the Napoleonic Wars on Industrialization810 Words   |  4 PagesThe Napoleonic wars did have a large impact on industrialization in Britain, the United States and Europe as a result of realizations and actions taken to better their countries after the Napoleonic wars. Although the Industrial Revolution began in Britain during the 1700s it was boosted in the early 1800s after the Napoleonic wars because of reform that was needed. Industrialization then started spreading throughout Europe and into North America in the early 1800s. By the mid-1800s industrializationRead MoreOverview of The Enlightenment Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagesseventeenth century and during the course of the eighteenth century, in which intense revolutions in science, philosophy, society and politics occurred. This part of history was important because it was an enormous departure from the Middle Ages. Seldom before and after this time, di d the Church have as much power as it did during the Enlightenment. There were three main eras of the Enlightenment: The Early Enlightenment, The High Enlightenment, and The Late Enlightenment and Beyond. Each era

Personal computer free essay sample

This case study is referenced throughout the recommended course text â€Å"Business Data Communications† (Fitzgerald, J. and Dennis, A. ; 10ed Wiley International Student Version). It concerns a fictitious firm, Next-Day Air Service (NDAS). The questions posed do not have one unique solution. There are too many options when dealing with LANs, WANs, MANs, BNs and the Internet, so a realistic network design and development problem can have several workable answers. The purpose of the preliminary assignment is to introduce students to the kinds of problems confronting those introducing ecommerce infrastructures in business situations. As with any real-life problem with ambiguities or unresolved considerations, you must make your own assumptions but be sure to provide adequate justification for any recommendations you make. Background: NDAS was founded in1985 to compete in the expanding market for overnight package deliveries. NDAS provides local pickup and delivery of these parcels and other small freight items. The founders initially restricted their efforts to the rapidly growing central Florida region of USA. To support its operation, NDAS purchased a facility near the Tampa International Airport. This facility consisted of a main building and a secondary building for dispatch and fleet maintenance. Because NDAS intended to expand its services throughout the south eastern United States, this facility also served as NDAS’s corporate headquarters. Between 1985 and 1992, NDAS experienced very rapid growth. As business volume increased and the company’s reputation became firmly established, expansion of the facility became imperative. Consequently, NDAS purchased land adjacent to its corporate head quarters so it would have room to relocate both the maintenance shop and the company’s vehicle parking lot. In addition, NDAS tripled the size of its building to accommodate its growing business. Finally, in1994, NDAS completed the expansion of the office building to house its corporate operations. As its business volume increased, NDAS realized it had to develop branch offices throughout its service region to continue growing. In addition to the corporate offices in Tampa, NDAS also purchased or leased facilities in several other southeastern cities, including Orlando, Miami, Atlanta, New Orleans, Dallas, and Memphis. CaseFigure1–1 is the NDAS map of operations. NDAS also contracted with Chicago-based firm Overnight Delivery, Inc. (ODI) to provide overnight shipping service between Atlanta and the greater Chicago area. NDAS also entered into similar agreements with other air carriers. The purpose of these agreements was to enable NDAS to provide service throughout the United States. As Case Figure1 shows, connecting routes established with other carriers lead from Memphis to St. Louis and from Atlanta to Chicago and Washington, D. C. These routes allow NDAS to deliver parcels to the northeastern states and the Midwest. There are flight links out of Dallas to both Denver and Los Angeles. These two routes have been added recently to provide delivery service to the northwestern states and the West Coast, respectively. After extending its flight routes, NDAS added agents in the cities of Jacksonville, Florida; Montgomery, Alabama; Jackson, Mississippi; and Houston, Texas. To date, this is the scope of NDAS’s parcel delivery operation. Initially, NDAS contracted a computing services company to handle billing. As the computing power of small computers increased, however, NDAS purchased a minicomputer and took responsibility for its own data processing. The Payroll Department now runs the pay roll twice monthly on this computer. Employees clock in with an ID-badge system. The Payroll Department then prepares the paychecks for both hourly and salaried employees. The paychecks are sent via overnight delivery on the following Thursdays. Although the Information Services/ Data Processing Division, under Les Coone as acting manager, performs all data entry, processing, and check printing, John Lawson in Accounts Payable is the person who generates, performs all data entry, processing, and check printing, John Lawson in Accounts Payable is the person who generates, reviews, and approves the reports and totals. Because so many new employees have been added at both the corporate and branch offices, a new full-time position has been added in Accounts Payable to handle the payroll and assist Lawson. The subject of paying employees weekly has been discussed as well. Case Figure 2 shows the NDAS organization chart. The branch offices currently batch all billing data by order date and send them daily by overnight delivery to the corporate office along with other interoffice correspondence. When Information Services/Data Processing receives the packages, it enters the batches and processes them daily. The billing processing normally takes place from 48 to 96 hours after freight and parcel delivery. Once this processing has been ompleted, the data base supports the resolution of any questions or problems associated with the billings. Because of an increasing volume of paperwork brought about by continued business expansion, the varying complexity of the billing process, and the preferred rates being given by competitors, NDAS’s corporate management has decided to automate the billing process throughout its Florida offices. This is the first step in a series of strategic moves planned to provide online transaction processing and real-time customer information through the Internet. Management expects online transaction processing to speed the billing process and improve receivables collection time significantly. The online query system will enable agents at remote offices to obtain information such as credit status, correct delivery address, and package delivery status. The Internet component will enable customers to obtain the delivery status of packages they have sent or are expecting to receive. The status of automation varies greatly among the various departments. The Marketing and Sales Division, headed by Bob Jones, has a personal computer (PC) for each account representative. All of these computers are connected to a small LAN that serves only Sales and Marketing. The Accounts Receivable Division, headed by Jane Van Dyke, is responsible for all billing and collection activities. It recently replaced its aging minicomputer with a powerful microcomputer server. This new server provides databases for both customer billing and bad debts. The Accounts Payable Division, led by John Lawson, maintains its own vendor database that is stored on an older minicomputer server. This database also contains the other service carriers’ billings, such as those from ODI to NDAS. This division also is responsible for the payroll. It is in the process of downsizing to a powerful modern desktop computer. Employees in the Accounts Receivable and Payable Divisions have PCs on their desk. The Fleet Maintenance Division has no computer capability. Its management has chosen to trace all necessary information manually. Peter Browne, the maintenance supervisor, prefers this mode of operation and has steadfastly refused to automate his division’s record keeping processes. Dispatch, which is part of the Fleet Maintenance Division, also processes its work manually. Dispatch currently bundles incoming packages twice daily, according to their major destination point, for overnight delivery. The bundles of packages are marked with the following information: †¢DEST: City, state †¢DATE: Current date †¢TIME: Time package left dispatch †¢NPKG: Number of individual packages in the bundle †¢INIT: Initials of the person preparing the bundle When the bundles arrive at their respective delivery points, the off-loaders mark the arrival time on the bundles’ tags, write their own initials on the back of the tags, and return the tags to Corporate headquarters. The packages are then delivered. The various remote offices currently communicate with the corporate headquarters and with one another by voicemail, telephone, fax, mail, or interoffice mail, sent on company aircraft along with the daily batched transactions. There are desktop computers in each of the remote offices. However, some of the offices have Apple Macintosh computers and others use Intel-based systems. A number of managers have laptop computers with wireless and wired networking capabilities, which, again, come from various computer manufacturers. NDAS corporate management realizes that these various stages of computer support are a far cry from an integrated system. It sees the necessity for standardizing and streamlining systems, equipment, and procedures before any serious networking can be accomplished. Moreover, corporate management has stated that NDAS must enter the international package delivery market to offer full service to its major customers. Any growth plans must be able to support international operations. Management also expects that e-mail and automated package tracking will be part of the new system. In addition, management expects any system to allow for expansion into other information technology areas of networking, such as video conferencing and use of the Internet. As its first step in this direction, NDAS has decided to hire a new systems analyst, who will work full time to assess the current level of information system support, determine which functions should be automated, recommend the type of hardware and software systems to be installed, recommend appropriate organizational changes (if any), and, most important, determine the type of data communications support that will be required to meet the needs of NDAS’s current operations and future growth. You have been offered this position. Your experience is in information systems. Because you see the job as a remarkable opportunity to learn and grow, you accept the post. You report directly to Lee Coone, president of NDAS, and are expected to prepare your solution immediately. Preliminary Assignment 1. Briefly describe the current state of NDAS’s office automation, system integration, and networking. Begin by explaining how each department uses information technology, what hardware it uses, and what functions currently are automated. The first Key Task for the Preliminary Assignment is to assess which Department is most in need of a network. 2. Students are advised to make some preliminary studies of ecommerce infrastructures (LANs, WANs) to decide whether these two kinds of networks might be beneficial to NDAS? The second Key Task for the Preliminary Assignment is to justify your answer. 3. The third Key Task for the Assignment is to indicate which areas within NDAS’s current characteristics or practices are identified as possible candidates for its proposed integrated data communication network?

Staffing Nursing and Health Care free essay sample

Nyeri general hospital was started in the early 1930s as a military hospital. its is now a provincial hospital owned by the ministry of health. its located in central pronvice ,nyeri county . its one of the major hospitals serving the population of nyeri county. it consists of various departments such as out patient ,medical –surgical , orthopaedic ,intensive care unit ,maternity and gynaecology ,paediatrics , psychiatric ward ,eye clinic ,ENT clinic ,thetere ,laboratory ,pharmacy and radiological departments. it offers various services ranging from curative ,preventive ,promotive ,rehabilitative and supportive services . the hospital comprises of different healthcare workers that collaborate with each other to offer quality care to the patient . the hospital is not only a referral centre for the critical cases but also acts as a medical training for both diploma nurses and clinical officers . Hospital vision A referral centre of excellence offering comprehensive healthcare services Hospital mission To improve the health and welfare of population ion the region by offering affordable ,equitable and accessible health care services through the provision of specialized ,quality health care ,medical training and research. We will write a custom essay sample on Staffing: Nursing and Health Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Problem statement Introduction Nurses play a very important and vital role in most health systems, and their contribution is recognised as essential to meeting developmental goals and delivering safe and effective care. One difficulty in making an accurate global estimate of numbers of nurses . The nursing shortage is a global challenge, affecting each and every country in the world. With this shortage, patients are suffering because the healthcare workforce is not prepared to deal with their health needs. Each country have several factors such as aging nursing workforce and low employment,contributing to nursing shortage which ultimately cause a decrease in the quality of health care provided to the patient. A nursing shortage is not just an organizational challenge it has a major negative impact on health care Failure to deal with a nursing shortage will lead to failure to maintain or improve health care There has been an increase need for more registered nurses in hospitals due to rising acuity of patients and shorter lengths of stay. The safety and quality of patient care is directly related to the size and experience of the nursing workforce therefore insufficient number of nurses will not only affect patient care and safety but also the nurses themselves become overwhelmed, distressed, and dissatisfied. High patient-to-nurse ratios have been shown to lead to frustration and work burnout, which is linked to higher turnover. inadequate number of nurses has been linked with poor patient outcomes. some studies have been carried out and has demonstrated that the shortage of registered nurses, in combination with an increased workload, poses a potential threat to the quality of care. Increase in the number of nurses was associated with a reduction in hospital-related mortality and failure to rescue as well as reduced length of stays. In the past ,hospitals received help from both voluntary and employed staff. This success did not last for long since it was periodically interrupted by short-term shortages, especially shortages of nurses. recently the hospitals find themselves facing both immediate and long-term shortages of personnel therefore it will be more severe and have a longer duration than has been previously experienced. For sustained change and assurance of an adequate supply of nurses, solutions must be developed in several areas: education, healthcare deliver systems, policy and regulations, and image. This shortage is not solely nursings issue and requires a collaborative effort among nursing leaders in practice and education, health care executives, government, and the media According to the country-level policy perspective, a nurse staffing shortage is usually defined and measured in relation to that country’s own historical staffing levels, resources and estimates of demand for health services. WHO concluded that the shortage crisis has the potential will worsen in the future . It noted that demand for service providers will escalate markedly in all countries – both developed and undeveloped. Literature review Staffing is an important function of management which mostly deal with the recruitment, selction orientation ,induction and promotion of employees at the work place . Components of staffing Staffing pattern-itrefers to how many people of job classification should be on duty per each unit ,per shift ,per day. Staffing plan-it indicates how many people of what job classification mustbe hired to deliver on the staffing pattern. Staffing patterns are built on 2 assumptions Each given unit wil continue to admit the same type of patients in the same numbers for the total period in which staffing pattern is in effect. The patients needs is averaged out per unit on a daily basis . If staffing fails it leads to alteration in patient acquity levels ,actual patient day ,assignment systems ,nursing care goals and nursing care delivery. staffing is measured in one of two basic ways: Nursing hours per patient per day because payroll processing requires this information. They exclude paid time off for illness, vacation, or continuing education The nurse to patient ratio Variables affecting nursing staffing patterns Nursing organisationla factors-patient care objactives Determined level of patient care Nursing divisional departments Patients factors Variety of patient conditions Acuity Lengh of stay Patient age ,general health ststus and the number Staff factors Job description Educational level Experience Work ethics and groups Health care organisational factors Support services Personnel p[olicoes Financial resources Staffing patterns According to WHO -There is no absolute norm regarding the right ratio of physicians or nurses to population. This depends on (1) demand factors, e. g. demographic and epidemiological trends, service use patterns and macro-economic conditions; (2) supply factors, such as labour market trends, funds to pay salaries, health professions education capacity, licensing and other entry barriers; (3) factors affecting productivity, e. g. technology, financial incentives, staff mix, and management flexibility in resource deployment, and (4) priority allocated to prevention, treatment and rehabilitation in national health policies.  one would expect that relatively high nurse staffing ratios to be associated with improved patient outcomes, and if this intuition is correct, these patient benefits should be a key consideration in the determination of nurse staffing levels. In most health care settings nurse staffing is measured according to the workload of each nurse, Most hospitals can easily report the average number of productive nursing hours per patient day because they keep data on nursing hours and patient days. However, many health care leaders and managers prefer to conceptualize workload as a nurse-to-patient ratio. Although the way this measure is stated implies that a single nurse has responsibility for a set group of patients, this might not be the case. Hospital nurse staffing is a matter of major concern because of the effects it can have on patient safety and quality of care therefore the hospital should ensure that there are sufficient numbers of qualified nursing staff to meet the nursing care needs of the patient. The nurse workforce consists of licensed nurses—registered nurses (RNs)- have obtained their education through three different routes: 3-year diploma programs, 2-year associate degree programs, and 4-year baccalaureate degree programs.  they assess patient needs, develop patient care plans, and administer medications and treatments. licensed practical nurses (LPNs)- receive training programs of about 18 months that emphasize technical nursing tasks. They carry out specified nursing duties under the direction of registered nurses . nurses aides (NAs)- are not usually l icensed but many acquire certified nurse aide or nursing assistant status after proving they have certain skills related to the requirements of particular positions. they typically carry out non-specialized duties and personal care activities. Both registered and licensed practical nurses are licensed by the State in which they are employed. all these nurses provide direct patient care. Registered nurse hours per patient day andtheir skill mix were positively related to intensity of patient care, hospital complexity, and the supply of RNs in the geographic area surrounding the hospital. Licenced pratical hours, and licensed skill mix were predicted less reliably but appear to be used as substitutes for RNs. Overtime hours increased in areas with a lower Registered nurses supply.turnover rates and the use of contract nurses were not affected by nurse supply. Shortage of nurses Nurses have varied educationand practice competencies which bring different skills to patient care, and they must be able to practice to the fullest potential of these capabilities therefore practice environments must recognize and reward these differences by defining nurses roles, and by utilizing and compensating nurses according to their different educational preparation and competencies. Historically shortage of nurses were shortterm but todays shortage is different because It is the beginning ofa long-term shortage. It reflects fundamental changes in the relative attractiveness of careers in hospitals, increased competition from non-hospital employers for caregivers and support personnel, and the aging and pending retirement of the old experienced nurses . Nowadays nursing shortage is evidenced by fewer people training to be nurses therefore there is a growing realization that the supply of appropriately prepared nurses is inadequate to meet the needs of a diverse population and that this shortfall will grow more serious in the near future. A nursing shortage is usually defined and measured in relation to a country? s historical staffing levels, resources and estimates of demand for healthcare services (Buchan Aiken, 2008). Thus, nursing shortages are not easily quantifiable, and they may be defined in terms of professional capacity standards shortage of nurses that are needed to provide quality services or from an economical perspective. Evolution of nurse shortage is due to the following Time over Money Employees today seek more personal time versus financial compensation. Professional versus Personal Role Employees want to be active both at work and at home, not choosing between the two. Rising Superclass of Employees As more employees opt for less stressful work/more personal time, a subgroup of employees, often characterized as more driven, are carrying the load of travel, relocation, and long hours Integration of Home and Work Employers are increasingly offering services to reduce the stress of managing professional and personal lives. These services include child and elder care, dry cleaning, housecleaning, on-site full service banking, and yard care. Gen X Entrepreneurs Employees in their twenties and thirties view the workplace differently, preferring greater autonomy and less bureaucracy. They are loyal to the work versus the employer. Thus, many are choosing independent work/freelancing, such as the temporary agencies in health care. Implications for Hospitals and Health Systems Due to the currently long term shortage of nurse staff The Strategic Planning Policy Committee believes there are seven major implications for hospitals and health systems, plus issues that hospitals, health systems, and associations should consider. Health care is generally about people caring for people. It depends upon appropriate numbers of motivated and well –trained heath care workers caregivers and support personnel. Hospitals leaders must increasingly recognize personnel as a strategic asset, different from, but as important as, adequate payment, capital acquisition, and market share. New technologies which allow staff to emphasize the care-giving and care-supporting functions of their positions are essential for hospitals to attract, develop, and retain employees. The workforce will only expand if hospitals attract staff from the economy generally. Concerted efforts are needed to increase the attractiveness of health careers relative to other employment options if the health care workforce shortage is to be corrected. New work arrangements require a broader perspective on employee relations to build loyalty and create a sense of stability. Some employers are looking to unionization and collective bargaining as a means of increasing their sense of stability. Educational systems need hospital involvement to help identify skills and capabilities in demand in the labor market. Important Issues for Consideration by Hospitals and Health Systems Health care executives need to adopt a long-term time strategy for workforce supply. To correct the shortage, they must assure that the hospital has the power to focus on workforce for the full education, recruitment, career development and retention of employees . Health care management teams need to recognize that the supply, development, and satisfaction of health care workers and supportive personnel is a critical success factor for the organization.. Hospital leadership generate innovative ideas that establish a competition at the work environment, including information technologies that reduce manual documentation and repetitive administrative task ,work schedules that provide more employee flexibility and work roles which emphasize professional competencies and contributions rather than those defined by bureaucracy, administrative procedures, and regulatory requirements. hospitals and health systems will have to create the capacity to develop the staff skills necessary for their survival.clinical and non-clinical education and career development programs upgrade skills and help personnel transition from one career to another it is one of the success factors for hospitals and health systems. Hospitals have always supported continuing education, especially for physicians and nurses. The emphasis on continuing education and career development opportunities needs to be extended across all occupational groups and deepened. Individua l hospitals and health systems may only be able to develop effective programs through collaboration with one another and/or through joint programs with colleges and universities. They should uyilse the new technology to enhance continued medical education. Hospitals need to consider innovations that encourage present staff to obtain additional training and enter new careers in order to facilitate career development, upward mobility, and increased employee tenure. Hospitals and health systems need to broaden their workforce initiatives to reach populations that have not usually been employed throughout health care. Regional initiatives that combine the efforts of multiple institutions are needed as well as individual hospital initiatives.since most of the nurses are women the majority are found only in the lower paying positions. Meeting the workforce challenge will require expanding the boarders of interested persons to reflect fully the diversity of the society. As society becomes more diverse and patients come from an increasing number of racial, ethnic, and national backgrounds, hospitals need to recruit a more diverse workforce that can readily understand, relate to, and communicate with their patient population. compensation strategies need to be reviewed and evaluated despite of the economic pressures faced by hospitals.\hospital works are quite demanding therefore these occupations often require advanced education and continuing training. Unless hospitals provide compensation that is comparable to positions with similar education and responsibility, some potential workers will seek other positions. some hospitals have provided large-numbers of employees with stock ownership as a means of attracting, retaining, and improving the productivity of their employees. As business increasingly uses stock to compensate employees, non-profit hospitals without the opportunity to provide stock options mustdevelop other benefits and compensation approaches to remain competitive. Hospitals and health systems, individually and collaboratively, need to consider establishing new relationships with school, colleges, and universities . while collaborating with these learning institutions then they will be able to increase exposure to hospital careers to the students . Factors contributing to shortage of nurses inadequate workforce planning and allocation mechanisms therefore creating a mismatch between education supply and service based funded demand. Inadequate financial resources which leads to undersupply of new staff. poor recruitment and retention of the nursing staff by the hospitalleading to Increasing demand At this same critical juncture there are large numbers of nurses retiring and are unable to recruit and educate enough nurses to replace them, the baby boomer generation is aging and requiring more healthcare, putting additional strain on an already overburdened healthcare system. ineffective use of available nursing resources through inappropriate skill mix and utilization. Fewer people choosing nursing as a profession. Nursing has traditionally been one of the few female professions. Today, women have more and better professional opportunities and fewer are choosing nursing. Retirement of baby boomer nurses. At the same time that fewer nurses are entering the profession, many are leaving due to retirement. . Nurses quitting the profession due to burnout is reaching epidemic proportions for the same reasons that it is difficult to attract new nurses to the profession. Nursing is exceedingly stressful, physically demanding and exhausting. poor incentive structures or appraisal systems which demotivate the nurses . inadequate career support concerning nursing . other contributing factors include the continued existence of gender-based discrimination in many countries and cultures with the perception that nursing is women’s work. persistence of lawsuits against health workers in many developed countries with nurses often taking the blame because they are the ones who mostly spend most of the time with the patient. Effects of nurse shortage The shortage of nursing staff s have several effects on patient care as wellas the healthcare sector;these include the heavy workload on hospital nurses. Nurses are experiencing higher workloads than ever before due to the following reasons- increased demand for nurses inadequate supply of nurses. reduced staffing and increased overtime reduction in patient length of stay. Studies show that a heavy nursing workload not only affects patient safety but also negatively affects nur sing job satisfaction and, as a result, contributes to high turnover . Quitting of job by the recently employed nurses due to job dissatisfaction and disappointment. Strategies to reduce nurse shortage in the hoaspital According to the ICN (2005) major reform needs to take place within five key areas for policy intervention to improve the global nursing shortage. The five key areas of reform are: 1) macroeconomic and health sector funding policies, 2) workforce policy and planning, including regulation, 3) positive practice environments and organizational performance, 4) retention and recruitment, and 5) leadership Hospitals have developed both short-werm and long –term strategies to reduce the shortage of nurses.these strategies include development of a responsible action plans for delivering patient care in the face of staff shortages that address the following: Attracting and retaining qualified staff by addressing issues important to today’s workforce, including strengthening the patient/clinician/executive partnership, treating each other with respect, promoting continuous quality improvement, and providing fair compensation, flexible scheduling and professional development; Maintaining workloads and expectations that strive to alleviate and prevent burnout; Examining work stream processes to ensure staff is being deployed in an effective manner to meet patient needs; Creating systems for job assignments and backup coverage that ensure responsibilities are appropriately matched with qualifications; Being sensitive to the financial and nonfinancial consequences o f utilizing temporary personnel to fill vacancies; Responding to potential disasters that would significantly impact staff availability over sustained periods, requiring multilevel backup capacity; Conducting employee opinion surveys and exit interviews, using results to identify steps to improve job satisfaction; Identifying ways to engage employees to help define and address issues adversely affecting recruitment and retention objectives; Maintaining a diverse and culturally competent work force; Analyzing departments or units with high turnover rates to determine whether management shortcomings, working conditions, and/or other factors may be contributing to staff morale problems; Exploring, evaluating and implementing best practices from similar organizations that could be helpful in avoiding staff shortages; and Closing units or diverting patients if staff shortages become severe, to ensure that patient care is not compromised and high-quality care is maintained. Attracting new people to the profession- Although this has been the first and only strategy needed to correct past nursing shortages, it is not the first thing we need to do this time. We currently have more qualified applicants to nursing schools than we can educate. As we correct other problems, however, we will need to attract bright young people—and especially men—to the profession. Nursing must become as attractive a career option as other professions. Recruiting inactive nurses-. Inactive nurses are a neglected reservoir of educated, experienced professionals. Educating nursing educators- The lack of nursing educators is a huge problem in solving the nursing shortage. We must create incentives that will attract graduate-level nurses into education. That includes increasing educator salaries so that colleges can compete with other employers and subsidizing advanced education for nurses who commit to teaching for a period of time. Improving nursing’s image- There are two national media campaigns that focus on attracting people to the nursing profession. Both are educating people about the nursing profession and eliminating inaccurate stereotypes about nurses. These are an excellent first step toward improving nursing’s image. We must also improve salaries and benefits and allow nurses more control over what they do. increase recognition that human resources are a core, strategic resource of hospitals so that people may be aware that human resourse affect the care of a patient recruitment of new nurses and improving the retention of nurses tat the hospital will help reduce thatshortage design work patterns and employment practices attractive to today and tomorrows workforce while improving performance and productivity; encouraging promotion and performance appraisal at the work place-this will help in the retention of healthcareworkers at the hospital and therefore reduce the shortage . Case scena rio Nyeri provincial general hospital has a total number of 513 personnel against the establishement of 700. the hospital does not sufficient number of staff intwerms of number and requisite skills to meet the its service delivery . the hospital still continues to experience a shortage across all cadres . mostly the shortage of nurses ,surgeons and radiographers . The nursing staffing pattern in the hospital The nursing staffing patterns in the hospital include Senior nurse officers (SNOs)-most of them are the ward incharge who ensure that the wards are operating smoothly and they are concerned with the general management of the ward . Kenya registered community health nurse –(KRCHN) theses are nurses who have acquired their training in General Nursing, Midwifery and Community Health. The Nurses are empowered with proper knowledge, skills and attitudes to promote health, prevent illness, manage and rehabilitate the individual, the family and the community that may be afflicted by ill health. The duration of study is 3 1/2 Years. Kenya enrolled community health nurses –KECHN-are trained at certificate level in accordance with the Nurses Act Cap 257 of the laws of Kenya and the regulations thereto (or any other nurse whose training and qualifications are recognized and equated at certificate level by the Nursing Council of Kenya) and whose name shall appear in any of the Rolls maintained by the Nursing Council as required by the Act. Bachelor of science in nursing interns –they usually are trained to be nurse educators ,administrators or even researchers . the duration of study is 4 years The shortage of nurses at Nyeri PGH According to my case study I focused on the shortage of the nurses in the hospiotal – The shortages is diverse in that it ranges from shortage of nurse to the other health care workers in the hospital therefore limiting the care offered to the patients . The shortages of other staff are adversely impacting nurses who have the most continuous and closest relationship with patients and their families Without sufficient numbers and quality of nurses and other health careworkers it would be difficult to meet the health care needs of the people. The total number of nurses is 310 while the ideal number of nurses should be about 420 . the shortage that exists is of about 110 nurses . From my analysis here are the number of nursing staffs findings of Nyeri provicila genrral hospital Nurses Norms Available deficit KRCHN 153 110 43 KECHN 171 145 26 For the BSN –they were 15 in total bt the hospital did not indicate how many BSN they needed as for the senior nurse officers they were 41 in total .from the my calcuklation the average approximate number of nurses were in each ward were 12 . this number was too low as compared to the number of patients admitted in that ward. Gaps Gap Between Supply and Demand for Registered Nurses Shortage is the gap between the reality of current availability of nurses and the aspiration for some higher level of provision shortage . hospital require adequate healthcare workers not only in terms of number but also they shoulh have the appropriate skills needed so as to deliver quality care to the patient. shortages exists among all the health care workers but critical gaps exist in the nursing department.the number of nurses are inadequate to meet the patient need. this shortage is not only experienced in this hospital bt also in the other health care settings at different countries . the demand for nurses in the healthcare setting is high but the supply is low in that the number of nurses enrolled are not adequate enough to meet the patient needs. this gap is widening since most of the old nurses are nearing to retire but there are no enough new nurses to recruit inorder to replace them . this issue will have negative consequences on the nursing department therefore stsrategies nned to be put in place to deal with this issue before it gets worse in the near future .a gap between patient need and the nursing care available to meet patient needs. This gap occurs because patients now remain in the hospital only as long as they are acutely ill and clearly in need of nursing care. Once these very acute care needs are met, patients are discharged. Soon other patients, likely with even higher acuity needs, will be admitted to these beds previously occupied by the recently discharged patients. A greater proportion of beds will then be filled by patients with very high acuity needs. Unfortunately, hospitals have not kept up with the need to provide more nurses to care for this increased number of patients requiring higher acuity care. This gap has led to discussions regarding the quality and safety of hospital nursing care currently provided. The increasing intensity of care, due to a greater number of invasive procedures, more powerful medications, and a growing number of patients with chronic acute illness, has markedly increased the intensity of nursing care needed. Recommendation I would recommend for the following strategies to reduce the shortage of nurses at the hospital-developing a human resourse plan that will ensure that the hospital is adequately staffed with the appropriate skill mix to the level that is commensurate withj the existing human resourse capability need. Developing and implementing an intergrated performance management system to enhance improved and sustainable productivity. it will focus on the overall performance of the hospital to find out whether are any performance improvement. Deveopling a human resourse information system that is linked to a hospital –based health management information system to strengthen planning and decision making. Development of policies inorder to increase the recruitment and retention of young adults into the nursing profession. These strategies will come up with Strategies for recruitment of new nurses are needed for the long term . Another critical area for policy intervention  is to achieve effective skill mix-through clarity of roles and a better balance of registered nurses, physicians, other health professionals, and support workers. Nurses should also shape the impression that others have about the profession. –Nurse managers and leaders can be helpful by starting an organization al campaign to educate their staff about how to communicate in social and community settings so as to encourage people to join the nursing profession. Each nurse is the most important recruiter for an organization Healthcare mangement team including nurse leaders must learn new skills for valuing employees since Retention of nurses begins with how the organization does or does not value the staff. with these skills they will reduce the incidencs of shortages in the hospital. Education Developing career progression initiatives to: Move nursing graduates through graduate studies more rapidly; Identify the range of options available beyond the entry-level role such as faculty, researcher and administrator. Institute an education and practice system to promote more equitable compensation in the health care community based on a better understanding of the educational preparation required for different health care roles. Support health care employers to create and sustain staff development programs and lifelong learning for continued competence. Reach out to youth through counselors, youth organizations, schools and other outlets to promote recruitment of a younger, more diverse population of nursing students. Work Environment -Implement specific strategies to retain experienced nurses in the provision of direct patient care, such as: Introducing greater flexibility into work environment structure and scheduling programs; Rewarding experienced nurses for serving as mentors and/or preceptors for new registered nurses; Implementing appropriate salary and benefit programs. Create a partnership environment that advances the practice of nursing by: Establishing appropriate management structures within the health care system; Ensuring adequate nurse staffing and Providing nurses with sufficient autonomy over their practice in all settings. Redesign work to enable an aging workforce to remain active in direct care roles. Use of Technology, Research and Data Collection Investigate the potential for using technological advances to enhance the capacity of a reduced nursing workforce. Promote consistent data collection at the national, state and local level to account for variations at each level to enable appropriate workforce planning for registered nurses. Conclusion In conclusion, nursing shortage is a global problem and each country is facwe with such a problem . the nursing shortages in each country are different but ultimately they have similar effects on health care systems in each country. it is viewed as a problem which undermines health system effectiveness and requires immediate solutions.. These shortage interfere with the delivery of quality care to the patient. shortage of nurses interfere